An Improved Nonlinear Grey Bernoulli Model Based on the Whale Optimization Algorithm and Its Application

Table 5

Simulated and predicted results by different grey models.

Actual data	GM (1, 1)	DGM (1, 1)	NGBM (1, 1)	ONGBM (1, 1)	INGBM (1, 1)
467.63
561.41	581.03	582.55	561.45	561.29	561.41
705.23	678.50	680.42	674.36	675.50	678.27
812.94	792.33	794.75	796.23	798.30	802.45
895.20	925.26	928.28	932.31	935.07	939.61
1069.41	1080.48	1084.25	1086.26	1089.52	1093.49
1305.30	1261.74	1266.42	1261.54	1265.08	1267.40
1463.00	1473.42	1479.20	1461.75	1465.33	1464.76
RMSE	25.51	25.30	26.21	25.96	26.26
MAPE	2.61	2.67	2.23	2.23	2.19
1705.37	1720.60	1727.73	1690.87	1694.21	1689.28
1868.94	2009.25	2018.02	1953.39	1956.15	1945.04
1931.75	2346.33	2357.08	2254.40	2256.14	2236.66
RMSE	165.53	170.56	126.18	127.03	118.94
MPAE	4.27	4.47	3.15	3.16	2.97