Research Article
An Improved Nonlinear Grey Bernoulli Model Based on the Whale Optimization Algorithm and Its Application
Table 8
Simulated and predicted performance by five grey models using raw data of the number of R&D institutions of China’s higher education.
| Actual data | GM (1, 1) | DGM (1, 1) | NGBM (1, 1) | ONGBM (1, 1) | INGBM (1, 1) |
| 8630 | | | | | | 9225 | 9041.86 | 9049.01 | 9224.89 | 9225.38 | 9225.08 | 9842 | 9882.75 | 9890.73 | 9820.48 | 9810.66 | 9798.18 | 10632 | 10801.83 | 10810.73 | 10692.04 | 10677.82 | 10672.23 | 11732 | 11806.39 | 11816.31 | 11760.42 | 11744.56 | 11757.27 | 13062 | 12904.37 | 12915.43 | 13011.49 | 12995.95 | 13037.11 | RMSE | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.03 | MAPE | 1.17 | 1.18 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.25 | 14971 | 14104.46 | 14116.78 | 14450.13 | 14436.68 | 14516.89 | 16280 | 15416.16 | 15429.88 | 16090.00 | 16080.46 | 16211.58 | RMSE | 0.87 | 0.85 | 0.39 | 0.40 | 0.32 | MAPE | 5.54 | 5.46 | 2.32 | 2.39 | 1.72 |
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