An Empirical Study on the National Heterogeneity of High-End Manufacturing Technology Innovation and GVC’s Division of Labor Status

Table 2

GVC division of labor status in high-end manufacturing industries in the world.

	Year
Country	2002	2005	2008	2011	2014
Australia	0.379	0.634	0.423	0.352	0.319
Austria	0.388	0.666	0.454	0.385	0.369
Belgium	0.367	0.409	0.442	0.349	0.341
Bulgaria	0.401	0.610	0.455	0.395	0.378
Brazil	0.345	0.640	0.269	0.210	0.114
Canada	0.193	0.540	0.327	0.210	0.142
Switzerland	0.372	0.635	0.396	0.333	0.288
China	0.224	0.644	0.124	0.323	0.365
Germany	0.596	1.000	0.607	0.714	0.867
France	0.389	0.900	0.546	0.453	0.484
United Kingdom	0.555	0.706	0.616	0.380	0.248
Indonesia	0.379	0.627	0.423	0.362	0.322
India	0.358	0.635	0.330	0.281	0.274
Ireland	0.409	0.627	0.504	0.490	0.473
Italy	0.454	0.709	0.546	0.363	0.431
Japan	1.000	0.638	1.000	1.000	1.000
Korea	0.389	0.644	0.807	0.598	0.779
Mexico	0.000	0.023	0.029	0.000	0.000
Malta	0.401	0.610	0.453	0.390	0.371
Netherlands	0.527	0.692	0.640	0.411	0.237
Norway	0.417	0.653	0.470	0.399	0.384
Poland	0.434	0.624	0.483	0.386	0.372
Romania	0.407	0.589	0.471	0.421	0.412
Russia	0.366	0.741	0.245	0.236	0.163
Sweden	0.374	0.744	0.428	0.393	0.380
Turkey	0.376	0.630	0.420	0.351	0.337
Taiwan, China	0.411	0.631	0.705	0.581	0.742
United States	0.576	0.799	0.568	0.473	0.116