Hydromechanical Simulation of Tunnel Excavation in Rock Considering a Nearby Karst Cave

Table 1

Material parameters of the numerical model.

	Elastic modulus (GPa)	Poisson’s ratio	Friction angle (°)	Volumetric weight (kN·m^−3)	Cohesion (MPa)	Permeability coefficient (cm·s^−1)
Rock	6	0.25	40	26	0.9	4.5 × 10^−4
Tunnel support	30	0.2	—	24	—	1.5 × 10^−8