Research on the Dynamic Evolution of Scientific and Technological Innovation Efficiency in Universities and Identification of Influencing factors—based on Markov Chain Estimation and GMM Model

Table 1

Input-output indicator of innovation activities in institutions of higher learning.

Index system	Index type	Index explanation
Input index	Manpower input	X1 Research and development of full-time staff (person/year)
	Capital input	X2 Science and technology investment (thousand yuan)
		X3 Research and development funding (thousand yuan)
Output index	Technological achievements	Y1 Number of scientific papers (pieces)
		Y2 Published scientific and technological works (thousand words)
	Technology service	Y3 Number of patent applications (items)