Research on the Dynamic Evolution of Scientific and Technological Innovation Efficiency in Universities and Identification of Influencing factors—based on Markov Chain Estimation and GMM Model

Table 5

Variable selection.

First-level indicator	Secondary indicators	Characterization index	Variable code
Science and Technology Innovation Environment of Universities	Economic advantage	GDP per capita	PGDP
		High-tech industry output value per capita	PHV
		Added value of tertiary industry/GDP	THIA
	Location advantage	Location	LO
		Highway mileage	HM
	Government support	Per capita public education expenditure	PE
		Government allocated R&D expenditure/total R&D expenditure	GA
	R&D basis	Number of PhDs/total number of R&D personnel	DN
		Number of universities	UN
		Number of senior titles/total number of R&D personnel	ST