Development and Optimization for a New Planar Spring Using Finite Element Method, Deep Feedforward Neural Networks, and Water Cycle Algorithm

Table 14

Compare the value R² of the proposed model and the linear model.

Response	Model data		Training data		Validating data		Testing data
	DFNN	Linear	DFNN	Linear	DFNN	Linear	DFNN	Linear
Deformation	0.99	0.91	0.99	0.91	1.0	0.92	0.99	0.96
Stress	0.97	0.76	0.90	0.73	0.95	0.78	0.95	0.82
Strain energy	0.99	0.89	0.99	0.97	1.0	0.89	0.99	0.93