|
| Respondents’ description (quantity) | Factors (quantity) | Dimensions (quantity) |
|
| (i) The distance between seats in the same row is too close, and the width of seat surface, armrests, and armrest itself is not enough (27) | Interpersonal distance (46) | Physical space (128) |
| (ii) Passengers stay in intimate distance (0–0.45 m, Hall [24]), which may not correspond to their interpersonal relationship (19) |
| (i) Due to the seat pitch, the space for passengers to move their limbs is limited (16) | Room for passengers’ limbs (43) |
| (ii) Adjacent passengers who sit with their legs/feet outstretched or elbows sticking out of their personal space (20) |
| (iii) Monopolizing shared spaces including the armrest or controlling whether the armrest is raised or lowered (7) |
| (i) Fully reclining their seat back (11) | Front-row passengers (26) |
| (ii) Suddenly straightening/reclining the seat back (10) |
| (iii) Shaking their body on the seat (causes the tray table behind to vibrate) (5) |
| (i) Passengers placing their belongings in another person’s space (13) | Belongings’ placement (13) |
|
| (i) Adjacent passengers can cause tactile sensation by opening a newspaper widely, dining, and adjusting their posture (27) | Adjacent passengers (53) | Tactile sensation (140) |
| (ii) Adjacent passengers lean when sleeping (26) |
| (i) Passenger squeezing past or climbing over another passenger, asking others to let them out or reaching or leaning across other passengers (18) | Passenger movement (36) |
| (ii) Cabin crew may also reach across passengers to pass something to the adjacent passenger (10) |
| (iii) Passenger sitting in an aisle seat, others walking past may invade their personal space (8) |
| (i) Back-row passenger kicking, pushing, and pulling the back of the seat (16) | Back-row passengers (28) |
| (ii) Back-row passenger unfolding and folding up the tray table on front seat back (12) |
| (i) Passengers’ belongings have contact with other passengers (23) | Contact with objects (23) |
|
| (i) Mechanical noise in cabin (8) | Noise (33) | Other sensory factors (101) |
| (ii) Passengers nearby being boisterous and loud (including bodily noises) (16) |
| (iii) Passengers using their audiovisual equipment with external voice (5) |
| (iv) Noise from cabin passenger service unit (PSU) and entertainment systems (4) |
| (i) Bodily smells (including perfume) (23) | Smell (39) |
| (ii) The smell of food and drinks (16) |
| (i) Lighting factors including the cabin lighting system, atmosphere light, and light shield (12) | Illumination (29) |
| (ii) Reading lights and the display lights of electronic equipment (17) |
|
| (i) Listening to other passengers’ conversations or talking to them when they do not want to engage in conversation (23) | Conversation (23) | Interpersonal communication (81) |
| (i) Passenger looking at other people or at what they are doing (12) | Sight (23) |
| (ii) Unwanted eye contact (11) |
| (i) A stranger tries to chat with me, even if I do not want to talk with him/her or they ask questions I do not want to answer (such as my salary, my family, or current politics) (35) | Content (35) |
|
