Research Article
COVID-19 Propagation Prediction Model Using Improved Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithms in Combination with XGBoost and Bagging-Integrated Learning
Table 4
Optimization search results of four algorithms for standard test functions.
| | DE | PSO | GWO | COLGWO |
| | Average value | 0.00716952881962376 | 4.58E − 07 | 1.74E − 27 | 0 | Standard deviation | 0.00892434320906037 | 9.67E − 07 | 2.64E − 27 | 0 | | Average value | 2459.11866144729 4 | 483153344 | 4.98E − 22 | 0 | Standard deviation | 2438.72294203683 | 15.26685017 | 9.28E − 22 | 0 | | Average value | 0.254499657312407 | 3.41E − 05 | 9.27E − 24 | 0 | Standard deviation | 0.681425676307518 | 7.64E − 05 | 1.25E − 23 | 0 | | Average value | 0.00440696961956876 | 1.15E − 07 | 6.60E − 28 | 0 | Standard deviation | 0.00489054323509337 | 1.96E − 07 | 8.25E − 28 | 0 | | Average value | 211.342901198991 | 1129.880979 | 3.216822796 | 0 | Standard deviation | 21.4117756082338 | 421.9713817 | 4.907623241 | 0 | | Average value | 0.00407161054793563 | 0.033167593 | 0.003456494 | 0 | Standard deviation | 0.00636993045210643 | 0.033820478 | 0.007518388 | 0 | | Average value | 34.9908955808477 | 0.034919137 | 2.485701732 | 0 | Standard deviation | 22.3283305576275 | 0.035951133 | 12.08406381 | 0 | | Average value | 20.9805740011391 | 20.47832934 | 9.932619146 | 4.44E − 16 | Standard deviation | 0.106398593367519 | 0.618180325 | 10.41113601 | 0 |
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