Numerical Simulation, Analysis, and Fabrication of MEMS-Based Solid Ag and Cu Microneedles for Biomedical Applications

Table 1

Microneedles fabrication techniques.

Fabrication techniques	Overview	Cost analysis/disadvantages	References
Lithography	The master pattern of the geometric shapes transfers to the substrate surface	High cost not suitable for mass production	[16, 17]
Additive manufacturing/surface micromachining	Layer-by-layer microneedles printing	Cost-effective but not too	[16, 18, 19]
Injection molding	Inject plastic materials into a mold	High initial cost (machine equipment is costly). Composite processes	[1, 20, 21]
Laser ablation	Use laser beam for making the substrate on which microneedles are fabricated	High cost not appropriate for large manufacturers	[22–24]