Fault Diagnosis Method for Bearing Based on Digital Twin

Xie, Xuyang; Yang, Zichun; Wu, Wenhao; Zhang, Lei; Wang, Xuefeng; Zeng, Guoqing; Chen, Guobing

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2982746

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

On this page

Abstract Introduction Conclusions Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2022 | Article ID 2982746 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2982746

Fault Diagnosis Method for Bearing Based on Digital Twin

Xuyang Xie,¹Zichun Yang,¹Wenhao Wu,¹Lei Zhang,¹Xuefeng Wang,¹Guoqing Zeng,¹and Guobing Chen¹

Academic Editor: Francesc Pozo

Received27 Sept 2022

Revised03 Nov 2022

Accepted04 Nov 2022

Published17 Nov 2022

Abstract

The bearing is an essential component of rotating machinery, as its reliability and running state have a direct impact on the machinery’s performance. Considering that deep learning-based fault diagnosis methods for bearing require a large amount of labelled sample data, a novel fault diagnosis framework based on digital twin is proposed. In the case of fault data available, self-organizing maps with minimum quantization error and support vector machine are employed to analyze the data. Where fault data is unavailable, a bearing digital twin model is first constructed to simulate the data, and the convolutional neural network combined with transfer learning is utilized to diagnose the bearing faults. Then, the law of bearing performance degradation is investigated. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified using bearing vibration data.

1. Introduction

Bearings are widely used in rotating machinery, and they are one of the most important components. After long-term running under complex working conditions, bearings are prone to faults such as wear, spalling, and crack [1]. If the bearing fault is not handled in time, the machinery will fail to work, thus leading to unexpected economic loss and even terrible accidents. Therefore, the accurate diagnosis of bearing faults is of great significance in improving the stability and security of machinery and reducing the operation and maintenance cost [2].

Scholars have made substantial research on the fault diagnosis of rotating machinery, such as bearings. Numerous model-based methods [3, 4], signal-based methods [5, 6], and data driven methods [7, 8] have been proposed. The model-based methods establish precise mathematical models of bearings and compare the output values with actual values to identify faults. Yang et al. [9] constructed a nonlinear dynamic model for rolling bearing, which successfully simulated both single faults and compound faults. Liu et al. [10] established a bearing finite element model to generate fault samples, then they were input into the support vector machine (SVM) to detect bearing faults. The conventional fault diagnosis methods based on signal processing aim at extracting fault-related features from signals manually to identify the bearing faults. Chen et al. [11] proposed a fault diagnosis method for bearings based on integration of resonance-based sparse signal decomposition and wavelet transform and achieved good results. Zeng et al. [12] presented a group-based K-singular value decomposition denoising algorithm to extract bearing fault features, which raised the diagnosis accuracy. Kong et al. [13] used the discrete particle swarm optimization algorithm to achieve the optimal sensor placement, which improved the fault diagnosis efficiency. However, these methods heavily rely on the sophisticated signal processing and abundant expertise [14]. In recent years, deep learning, owing to its excellent performance in automatic feature extraction, has enjoyed wide applications in fault diagnosis [15, 16]. Liu et al. [17] proposed a deep adversarial domain adaptation model, which provided an unsupervised learning method to effectively extract bearing fault features. Li et al. [18] converted the time series into graph data by the weighted horizontal visibility graph, and then the graph convolution network was performed to achieve an accurate diagnosis of bearing faults. Sun and Li [19] improved the convolution neural network (CNN) and applied it to bearing fault diagnosis. Cai et al. [20] used a Bayesian network to detect the early faults of bearings in permanent magnet synchronous motor based on vibration and acoustic emission signals. However, although these deep learning-based methods simplify the feature extraction process and raise the diagnosis accuracy, the training of deep learning models requires a large amount of labelled sample data. Unfortunately, fault data are generally insufficient in practical applications, which make it difficult to achieve accurate fault diagnosis.

Motived by this problem, some scholars combined simulation models with deep learning to detect faults. They established accurate models of rotating machinery, such as bearings, to simulate sufficient fault data, which can be used for the training of deep learning models [21, 22]. Wang et al. [23] developed the lumped parameter model of gears to generate samples. Then, they were combined with measured signals to train different deep-learning models, and the diagnosis accuracy reached almost 100%. Liu and Gryllias [24] constructed a bearing phenomenological model to simulate vibration signals, and a domain adversarial neural network combined with transfer learning was trained for rolling bearing fault diagnosis. Gao et al. [25] simulated bearing samples of different type faults through the finite element method and expanded them by a generative adversarial network. Then, artificial intelligence models were trained to detect bearing faults. However, these simulation models are offline models that cannot be updated in real time based on the states of physical entities. The simulation results of the models may appear deviations as bearings run, which will lead to inaccurate fault diagnosis. Digital twin, an emerging virtual and real mapping technology, has seen rapid development in recent years. It can establish virtual entities integrating multiple disciplines, physical quantities, scales, and probabilities, and it possesses properties of real-time mapping and self-convergence. Some scholars have attempted to apply it to fault diagnosis [26]. Deebak and Al-Turjman [27] constructed the digital twin model of the machine tool, and deep transfer learning was performed to achieve condition monitoring and fault diagnosis. Jain et al. [28] presented a digital twin-based fault diagnosis method for distributed photovoltaic system, which demonstrated higher fault sensitivity. Guo et al. [29] simulated a large amount of fault data of a production line through digital twin and trained a reliable fault diagnosis model based on an improved random forest. However, few works have been reported to apply digital twin to bearing fault diagnosis. Therefore, it is a feasible and effective way to construct bearing the digital twin model and inject faults into it to simulate sensor data, which can address the problem of lacking fault data.

Based on the above discussion, a novel bearing fault diagnosis framework based on digital twin is proposed in this article. In the case of fault data available, self-organizing maps (SOMs) with the minimum quantization error (MQE) and SVM are utilized to diagnose the bearing faults. In the case of fault data unavailable, CNN combined with transfer learning is performed to address the problem of low classification accuracy with small sample data. In addition, the law of bearing performance degradation is analyzed.

The remainder of this article is organized as follows: in Section 2, the construction and update process of the bearing digital twin model is explained. Section 3 shows the theory and implementation procedure of the fault diagnosis method. In Section 4, the bearing performance degradation is analyzed. Finally, conclusions are drawn in Section 5.

2. Construction and Update of the Bearing Digital Twin Model

To construct an accurate digital twin model for bearing, the parameters, structure, working principle, and running mechanism of bearing as well as mathematical and physical knowledge are required. Currently, the mature modelling software related to digital twin mainly includes ANSYS Twin Builder, MATLAB Simulink, and Modelica-based MWorks. According to the requirements, digital twin models with different complexities can be built, including a single component, multiple components, and a system. A three-dimensional model of bearing is first built in SolidWorks in this article, and then the parameters are optimized. Finally, the multidomain unified modelling is conducted in Simulink to obtain an accurate model. The whole process of digital twin model construction is shown in Figure 1.

A bearing digital twin model is constructed and optimized based on a bearing test bench, as shown in Figure 2. The rated current and power of the motor are 2.5 A and 250 W, respectively. It can achieve stepless speed regulation in the range of 0∼10000 rpm. The rotational speed is measured by a photoelectric sensor, while the vibration signals can be obtained through two MT3 speed sensors. The measured signals are transmitted to the computer via the ZXP-F8N data acquisition system.

The outer race of bearing is connected with the bearing seat through interference fit, and the inner race is assembled with the shaft. So, only the inner race rotates, while the outer race remains fixed, which can support the shaft and lower the friction. Located at both ends of the shaft, the bearing seats are used for fixing and supporting the bearings, and the sealing device can reduce pollution. The assembly model of the whole device in SolidWorks is shown in Figure 3.

The bearing faults are easy to mathematically model according to the differential equations of motion so as to obtain their time-domain waveforms. The bearing digital twin model is established in Simulink, and the relevant equations are as follows [30, 31]:where d_j (t) represents the displacement of the groove bottom of outer race at φ_j (t) at time t, and x and y represent the horizontal and vertical displacements of the center of the inner race, respectively. The position angle φ_j (t) is given bywhere Z represents the number of rollers, and _c is the angular velocity. The elastic deformation of the roller and raceway at φ_j (t) is

Assuming that the position angles of the defects on the outer race and inner race are φ_o and φ_i, respectively. Hence, φ_o is in the range of

φ_i is in the range of

When a roller is within the position angle range, the height of its center turns to

The parameter β is introduced. When β = 1, the roller is in the defect; when β = 0, the roller is not in the defect.

The deformation δ_j between the roller and the raceway can be rewritten aswhere u represents the radial clearance. Based on the Hertz equation, the contact load between the roller and the raceway can be obtained as follows:where K is the deformation coefficient. When the roller is a sphere, n = 1.5; when the roller is a cylinder, n = 10/9. The resultant force of all the rollers acting on the inner race is decomposed into the forces in x and y directions, which can be expressed as follows:

The kinematic differential equations of bearing are given by the Lagrangian equationwhere m is the combined mass of bearing the inner race and shaft. C is the damping, and F_r represents the radial load. _i is the rotational speed of the inner race. e represents the eccentricity distance, and e = 0 in a balanced state. According to (12), The Simulink block diagram of bearing dynamic equations can be obtained, as shown in Figure 4.

The parameters of bearing are set according to [32]. The ode4 solver is used in Simulink, and the simulation results of a normal bearing are displayed in Figure 5. The relevant waveforms in [32] are shown in Figure 6. As can be seen, after the running state gradually turns to balance, the displacement and velocity waveforms in x and y directions are roughly the same, proving the validity of the bearing model in Simulink.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

After establishing the accurate digital twin model of bearing, the real-time running data of the bearing entity need to be collected and input into the model to continuously update and optimize it, thus raising the output accuracy of the model. To reduce the amount of data transmission and guarantee real-time performance, several simple state signals of bearing, such as temperature signals, are used to update the digital twin model, while other complex signals, such as vibration signals, are simulated by the model. The updating process of the bearing digital twin model is shown in Figure 7. The consistency and synchronization between the digital twin model and the physical entity are achieved by comparing and validating the simulation results with collected data, which improves the model’s accuracy and confidence.

3. Fault Diagnosis Method for Bearing Based on Digital Twin

3.1. Fault Diagnosis Scheme

It is impractical to get sufficient sample data for each possible bearing fault, which will lead to the reduction of diagnosis accuracy. To address this problem, a real-time updating digital twin model of bearing with faults injected is built to simulate the necessary data for the fault diagnosis method. The fault diagnosis process based on digital twin is displayed in Figure 8.

3.2. Methods

3.2.1. SOM-MQE

SOM [33] can get low-dimensional and discrete mapping after learning input layer data, which endows it with the characteristics of some dimensionality reduction algorithms. The training set in health data is used to train the SOM model, and the training set in fault data is applied to calculate the MQE value [34]. The MQE value can quantify the deviation of fault data between health data. The larger the MQE value, the more serious the fault. Figure 9 shows the process of state recognition based on SOM-MQE.

3.2.2. SVM

SVM [35] is a supervised learning algorithm that is designed to find a hyperplane to completely separate two types of data and make them the farthest from this hyperplane. The conventional binary SVM has gradually developed to multiclass SVMs, including one-to-one, one-to-multiple, directed acyclic graph, and binary tree SVMs. The hyperplane can be expressed aswhere is the weight vector and b is the bias.

The training set is T = {(x₁, y₁), (x₂, y₂),…, (x_N, y_N)}, where x_i ∈ Rⁿ, y_i∈{+1, −1}, i = 1, 2, …, N. x_i is the ith feature vector. y_i is the class label of x_i, and each x_i corresponds to y_i. The training sample which is the closest to the hyperplane is represented by the support vector, and the distance to the optimal hyperplane iswhere . The distances between other points and the hyperplane are larger than d, so

(14) can be rewritten into

For the sake of simplification, we set y (^Tx + b) = 1 to get the interval between two heterogeneous support vectors

The goal of SVM is to maximize γ, that is, to minimize . Therefore, it becomes an optimization problem

Since the constraints involve inequality, it is a convex quadratic programming problem. To solve the problem more efficiently, the Lagrange multiplier method is employed to obtain the dual problem so that the optimization problem can be written aswhere α_i is the Lagrange multiplier.

The analysis data are not generally linearly separable in practical applications. To deal with the problem, it is necessary to make some points not satisfy the constraint y_i (^Tx_i + b) ≥ 1. The hinge loss can be applied to rewrite the optimization problem aswhere C > 0 is the penalty function. After obtaining the optimal solution , we calculate and , so the classification decision function is obtained according to the hyperplane equation wx + b = 0

The state recognition process based on SVM is displayed in Figure 10. Similarly, the historical running data of bearings are divided into the training set and the test set. Then, the feature parameters are selected, and the corresponding feature matrix is obtained. The data in the feature matrix need to be normalized, which is more suitable for a comprehensive comparison.

3.2.3. CNN Combined with Digital Twin

For the data that are difficult to obtain and label in the experiment, it can be simulated by the digital twin model after injecting the fault. The simulated data are used for the training of the Inception V3 model, and the parameters of trained model are transferred. Then, the real-time running data of bearing are input into the transfer model to recognize its state, which effectively addresses the problems of lacking fault data and computing resource. The implementation process is shown in Figure 11.

3.2.4. Implementation Procedure of the Proposed Method

In the case of sufficient fault data, the SOM-MQE model is trained to identify the running state of bearing. The SVM model is employed when there is only a small amount of sample data. With little fault data, the digital twin model is performed to simulate the corresponding data to train the Inception V3 model combined with transfer learning [36], which reduces the requirement for training samples and time. The complete process of the proposed method is shown in Figure 12.

4. Bearing Performance Degradation Analysis Based on Digital Twin

The IMS bearing run-to-failure dataset is adopted for the analysis of performance degradation [37]. The bearing is installed on a shaft with 2000 rpm speed. The sampling interval is 10 min, and the sampling frequency is set to 20 kHz. 20480 points are sampled each time. The performance degradation curve is obtained in the following steps: (1)Feature extraction. Figure 13 illustrates the time domain waveform of the bearing run to failure signal. We can find that the bearing runs stably in the early stage, but it starts vibrating violently some time before the fault occurs. The spectrum kurtosis is extremely sensitive to the transient components in the signal, and the spectrum kurtosis corresponding to different time intervals and frequencies varies significantly, as displayed in Figure 14. Therefore, 11 time-domain features including mean, standard deviation, and skewness as well as four features of spectrum kurtosis such as mean, and skewness are used to extract fault characteristics.(2)Feature selection. The previously mentioned 15 features have a different correlation with the degradation curve, so it is necessary to select the features with strong correlation. The 15 features are formed into a normalized feature matrix. Then, PCA is performed to screen the principal components of features, as shown in Figure 15. We can observe that fusion features 9 to 15 outperform fusion features 1 to 8, so fusion features 9 to 15 are selected for further analysis. Figure 16 displays the comparative scatter plots of fusion feature 9 with the other 6 fusion features. It can be found that fusion feature 9 is the most sensitive and changes the fastest, so it is selected as the health indicator.(3)Degradation curve fitting. The health indicator represents the current degradation state of bearing, and its change with time is illustrated in Figure 17. It is obvious that the health indicator fluctuates in a small range before 7000 min. After that, great fluctuations begin to appear, which demonstrates the deterioration of a bearing state. From about 9000 min, the state drops sharply, and the bearing exhibits a fault state at 9840 min.

(a)

(b)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

A degradation curve is obtained by fitting the health indicator. The commonly used models include the exponential model, power model, and polynomial model. Figure 18 displays the degradation curve fitted by the exponential model. We can observe that it is not accurate, failing to reflect the rapid changes of the health indicator.

The degradation curve fitted by the combined power function [38] is shown in Figure 19. It exhibits a satisfactory fitting effect, which can provide a reference for the prediction of remaining useful life of the bearing.

5. Conclusions

To solve the problem of deep learning-based fault diagnosis methods requiring a large amount of labelled sample data, a novel fault diagnosis framework for bearings based on digital twin is proposed in this article. When fault data are available, SOM-MQE and SVM are employed to detect bearing faults. With little sample data, the bearing digital twin model is established to simulate the corresponding data needed by the CNN fault diagnosis model with transfer learning, which lowers the requirement of sample data. The law of bearing performance degradation is investigated, and the analysis results of bearing vibration data verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. Since there are generally insufficient fault data in actual circumstances, the proposed method has a great potential in engineering applications. Despite the advantages, the manually extracted fault features cannot guarantee high accuracy in performance degradation analysis. In future research, we will explore to automatically extract hidden features.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this study.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 51802347).

References

C. Mishra, A. K. Samantaray, and G. Chakraborty, “Rolling element bearing fault diagnosis under slow speed operation using wavelet de-noising,” Measurement, vol. 103, no. 103, pp. 77–86, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Q. Lu, X. Shen, and X. Wang, “Fault diagnosis of rolling bearing based on improved VMD and KNN,” Mathematical Problems in Engineering, vol. 2021, Article ID 2530315, 11 pages, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Liu, Z. Xue, and L. Jia, “Response characteristics of looseness-rubbing coupling fault in rotor-sliding bearing system,” Mathematical Problems in Engineering, vol. 2017, Article ID 8742468, 10 pages, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Liu, H. Huang, and J. Xiang, “A personalized diagnosis method to detect faults in gears using numerical simulation and extreme learning machine,” Knowledge-Based Systems, vol. 195, Article ID 105653, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Li, G. Cheng, and C. Liu, “Research on bearing fault diagnosis based on spectrum characteristics under strong noise interference,” Measurement, vol. 169, Article ID 108509, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Xie, Z. Yang, L. Zhang et al., “An improved Autogram and MOMEDA method to detect weak compound fault in rolling bearings,” Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, vol. 19, no. 10, pp. 10424–10444, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Dai and H. C. So, “Group-sparsity learning approach for bearing fault diagnosis,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 18, no. 7, pp. 4566–4576, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Li, L. Song, Q. Sun et al., “Rolling bearing fault diagnosis based on quantum LS-SVM,” EPJ Quantum Technology, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 18, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Yang, W. Yang, and D. Jiang, “Simulation and experimental analysis of rolling element bearing fault in rotor-bearing-casing system,” Engineering Failure Analysis, vol. 92, pp. 205–221, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Liu, H. Huang, and J. Xiang, “A personalized diagnosis method to detect faults in a bearing based on acceleration sensors and an FEM simulation driving support vector machine,” Sensors, vol. 20, no. 2, p. 420, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Chen, B. Shen, F. Chen et al., “Fault diagnosis method based on integration of RSSD and wavelet transform to rolling bearing,” Measurement, vol. 131, pp. 400–411, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Zeng, W. Zhang, and Z. Chen, “Group-based K-SVD denoising for bearing fault diagnosis,” IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 19, no. 15, pp. 6335–6343, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Kong, B. Cai, Y. Liu et al., “Optimal sensor placement methodology of hydraulic control system for fault diagnosis,” Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, vol. 174, Article ID 109069, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Zhang, X. Li, and L. Gao, “A new subset based deep feature learning method for intelligent fault diagnosis of bearing,” Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 110, pp. 125–142, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Cai, Y. Liu, and M. Xie, “A dynamic-bayesian-network-based fault diagnosis methodology considering transient and intermittent faults,” IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 276–285, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Kong, B. Cai, Y. Liu et al., “Fault diagnosis methodology of redundant closed-loop feedback control systems: subsea blowout preventer system as a case study,” IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems, 2022.
View at: Google Scholar
Z. H. Liu, B. L. Lu, H. L. Wei, L. Chen, X. H. Li, and M. Ratsch, “Deep adversarial domain adaptation model for bearing fault diagnosis,” IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems, vol. 51, no. 7, pp. 4217–4226, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Li, L. Mo, and R. Yan, “Fault diagnosis of rolling bearing based on WHVG and GCN,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 70, pp. 2021–11, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Sun and S. Li, “Bearing fault diagnosis based on optimal convolution neural network,” Measurement, vol. 190, Article ID 110702, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Cai, K. Hao, Z. Wang et al., “Data-driven early fault diagnostic methodology of permanent magnet synchronous motor,” Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 177, Article ID 115000, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Gao, X. Liu, H. Huang, and J. Xiang, “A hybrid of FEM simulations and generative adversarial networks to classify faults in rotor-bearing systems,” ISA Transactions, vol. 108, pp. 356–366, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Gao, X. Liu, and J. Xiang, “Fault detection in gears using fault samples enlarged by a combination of numerical simulation and a generative adversarial network,” IEEE, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 3798–3805, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Wang, R. Yang, and J. Xiang, “Numerical simulation of gears for fault detection using artificial intelligence models,” Measurement, vol. 203, p. 111898, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Liu and K. Gryllias, “Simulation-driven domain adaptation for rolling element bearing fault diagnosis,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 5760–5770, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Gao, X. Liu, and J. Xiang, “FEM simulation-based generative adversarial networks to detect bearing faults,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 16, no. 7, pp. 4961–4971, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Wang, L. Ye, R. X. Gao, C. Li, and L. Zhang, “Digital twin for rotating machinery fault diagnosis in smart manufacturing,” International Journal of Production Research, vol. 57, no. 12, pp. 3920–3934, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. D. Deebak and F. Al-Turjman, “Digital-twin assisted: fault diagnosis using deep transfer learning for machining tool condition,” International Journal of Intelligent Systems, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Jain, J. Poon, J. P. Singh, C. Spanos, S. R. Sanders, and S. K. Panda, “A digital twin approach for fault diagnosis in distributed photovoltaic systems,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 940–956, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Guo, X. Wan, L. Liu, Z. Gao, and M. Yang, “Fault diagnosis of intelligent production line based on digital twin and improved random forest,” Applied Sciences, vol. 11, no. 16, p. 7733, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Feng, H. Ma, and M. J. Zuo, “Vibration signal models for fault diagnosis of planet bearings,” Journal of Sound and Vibration, vol. 370, pp. 372–393, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Jablonski, “Hybrid model of rolling-element bearing vibration signal,” Energies, vol. 15, no. 13, p. 4819, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Rafsanjani, S. Abbasion, A. Farshidianfar, and H. Moeenfard, “Nonlinear dynamic modeling of surface defects in rolling element bearing systems,” Journal of Sound and Vibration, vol. 319, no. 3–5, pp. 1150–1174, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Zhou, X. Cheng, H. Chang, J. Zhou, and X. Zhao, “A self-diagnostic method for automobile faults in multiple working conditions based on SOM-BPNN,” Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, vol. 2021, Article ID 6801161, 13 pages, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Li, L. Xing, and B. Chen, “Adaptive filtering with quantized minimum error entropy criterion,” Signal Processing, vol. 172, Article ID 107534, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Q. Shi and H. Zhang, “Fault diagnosis of an autonomous vehicle with an improved SVM algorithm subject to unbalanced datasets,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 68, no. 7, pp. 6248–6256, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. Xu, Y. Wan, T. Y. Zuo, and X. M. Sha, “Transfer learning based data feature transfer for fault diagnosis,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 76120–76129, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Qiu, J. Lee, J. Lin, and G. Yu, “Wavelet filter-based weak signature detection method and its application on rolling element bearing prognostics,” Journal of Sound and Vibration, vol. 289, no. 4-5, pp. 1066–1090, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Ye, G. Li, L. Meng, and G. Lu, “Dynamic health index extraction for incipient bearing degradation detection,” ISA Transactions, vol. 128, pp. 535–549, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2022 Xuyang Xie et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

841

Downloads

708

Citations