Impact of Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, and FDI through Environmental Kuznets Curve: Perspective from Belt and Road Initiative and Pakistan

Table 3

EKC study based on CO₂ emission using time series data.

Author’s name	Time period	Region	Year	Conclusion
Atwi et al. [59]	2018	182 countries	1992–2011	Inverted U-shape
Dogan and Turkekul [60]	2016	USA	1960–2010	Inc. monotonically
Balaguer and cantavella [61]	2016	Spain	1974–2011	Inverted U-shape
Al-Mulali et al. [62]	2015	Vietnam	1981–2011	Inc. monotonically
Yavuz [63]	2014	Turkey	1960–2007	Inverted U-shape
Lau et al. [64]	2014	Malaysia	1970–2008	Inverted U-shape
Alam [65]	2014	Bangladesh	1972–2010	Inc. monotonically
Kholer [66]	2013	South Africa	1960–2009	Inverted U-shape
Jayanthakumaran et al. [67]	2012	China/India	1971–2007	Inverted U-shape
Iwata et al. [10]	2012	11 OECD countries	1967–2003	Inc. monotonically
Iwata et al. [68]	2010	France	1900–2003	Inverted U-shape
He and Richard [69]	2010	Canada	1948–2004	Inc. monotonically
Akbostancı et al. [70]	2009	Turkey	1968–2003	Inc. monotonically
Soytas et al. [71]	2007	United States	1960–2004	Inc. monotonically
Kunnas and Myllyntaus [72]	2007	Finland	1800–2003	Inc. monotonically