Research Article

Multi-GNSS Fast Precise Point Positioning with Multi-Frequency Uncombined Model and Cascading Ambiguity Resolution

Table 3

Detailed PPP processing options used in this paper.

ItemModels

ConstellationGPS, Galileo, BDS-2, BDS-3
ObservationsRaw carrier phase and code observations
EstimatorExtended Kalman filter
Frequency selectionGPS:L1/L2/L5; Galileo:E1/E5a/E6/E5b; BDS-2:B1I/B2I/B3I; BDS-3:BIc/B1I/B2a/B3I
Elevation cutoff angle10°
Sampling rate30 s
Weighting schemeElevation-dependent weight: For GPS/galileo/BDS-3 and IGSO/MEO of BDS-2, adopt 3 mm and 0.3 m for raw phase and code, respectively; for GEO of BDS-2, adopt 1 cm and 1m for raw phase and code, respectively
Ionospheric delayEstimated as random-walk process [16]
Tropospheric delayDry component: corrected with GPT model [34]
Wet component: estimated as random-walk process (10−8m2/s)
Mapping function: GMF [35]

Sagnac effectApplied
Station displacementCorrected by IERS convention 2010 [36]
Satellite antenna PCO/PCVPCO/PCV values from IGS14_2080.atx are used
Receiver antenna PCO/PCVFor GPS, L1/L2 PCO/PCV values from IGS14.atx are used, use L2 parameters to correct L5;
For Galileo, use GPS L1 values to correct E1, use GPS L2 values to correct E5a/E6/E5b;
For BDS-2, use GPS L1 values to correct B1I, use GPS L2 values to correct B2I/B3I;
For BDS-3, use GPS L1 values to correct B1c/B1I, use GPS L2 values to correct B2a/B3I

Phase wind-up effectCorrected [37]
IFCBOnly applied for satellites of GPS Block IIF and BDS-2
Satellite DCBCorrected with MGEX DCB products [38]
Receiver IFBEstimated as daily constants
Receiver clockEstimated as white noise process (1002 m2)
Phase ambiguityEstimated, constant for each continuous arcs
Ratio2.0