Development of Machine Learning Methods in Hybrid Energy Storage Systems in Electric Vehicles

Table 1

Typical characteristics of energy storage systems [24, 25].

Energy storage systems	Power consumption rate (MW)	Discharge time	Power density	Energy density	Self-discharge rate (%/day)	Response time	Efficiency (%)	Lifespan (years)	Cycle life (cycles)
Compressed air	100–300	1 day	—	30–60	—	minutes	40–70	20–40	-
Flywheel	0–250	s-h	400–1600	5–130	20–100	ms-sh	80–90	15–20	10^2–10^7
Battery-supercapacitor	0–0.3	ms-1h	0.1–10	0.1–15	2–40	ms	85–98	5–12	10^5–10^6
SMES	0.1–10	ms-8s	500–2000	0.5–5	10–15	ms	75–80	-	-
Lithium-ion batteries	0–0.1	minutes-h	200–340	130–250	0.1–0.3	ms	65–95	5–8	600–1200
Fuel cell	0–50	s-days	>500(W/L)	500–3000	0.5–2	ms-minutes	20–66	5–30	10^3–10^4