Abstract
In order to improve the calculation method of the conversion coefficient of karst conduit under the condition of multiple fissures and conduit intersecting, the indoor test model of karst groundwater seepage with a single conduit and multiple groups of fissures is established. Under the condition of fixed upstream and downstream water heads, the changes of karst conduit water head under different fissures width, fissures combination, and different flow velocity were observed. The test found that the karst conduit water level gradually decreased with the increase of distance, showing an obvious linear relationship. Based on the above-observed water head law, the conversion coefficient of fissures influence is introduced into the Darcy–Weisbach formula, and the regression analysis of test data are used to obtain the calculation formula of the equivalent permeability coefficient of conduit intersecting multiple fissures and karst conduit. The formula is applicable to the case that the fissures are equidistant and the conduit is vertical and does not change dramatically along the conduit.
1. Introduction
Fissures development of underground conduit is very complex in karst areas, and the hydrodynamic characteristics of the groundwater flowing in the fissures are more complex. In view of this feature, some scholars have proposed a triple void medium model regarding karst conduit-fissure-pore [1, 2]. This method puts forward the concept of converted permeability coefficient of fissures and karst conduit, which rationality and superiority have been verified in several practical applications. Although the model considers the mutual exchange between fissure water and conduit water when calculating the converted permeability coefficient of the conduit by Darcy–Weisbach's formula for round pipe flow, the influence of intersecting fissure-conduit water on conduit permeability coefficient is not taken into account [3–5]. In view of this, many scholars have studied the characteristics of flows which come from the intersection of fissure-fissure or fissure-conduit. When groundwater flows in the conduit with fissures, in addition to the local head loss at the intersecting point, the existence of fissure will also affect the flow of the stream in the conduit, resulting in a head loss along the conduit itself [6–8]. It is necessary to take the above-given two factors into account when calculating the converted permeability coefficient of the karst conduit, especially when there are many fissures intersecting along the conduit [9, 10]. Therefore, two groups of indoor test models for the coexistence of vertical fissures and karst conduits are designed in this paper so as to study the value-taking method of conduit conversion permeability coefficient when multiple fissures and karst conduits cross each other.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design of Test Model
In karst developed areas, fissures of underground karst conduits are interlaced and complex, so it is difficult for the test model to fully consider the various geological combinations of fissure-karst conduits [11]. Therefore, this indoor model test only considers the combined karst geological model of two groups of mutually perpendicular fissures and one karst conduit. The indoor test model can be divided into four parts: water supply system, in which water from nearby lakes is pumped by submersible pumps and enters the water supply tank; monitoring system, which is a row of observation hole preset above the conduit, and the observation hole is connected with the conduit and the fissures nearby, and the water level of the conduit in the flow field can be directly measured by a steel tape; water storage system, in which the water discharged through the conduit enters the overflow tank and then flows into the water tank, and the water discharge will be recorded by reading the water level and bottom area of the water tank; rock mass model, including rock block, karst conduit and two groups of fissures which are perpendicular to each other, simulates rock block by the module bonded with acrylic board (i.e., without considering seepage inside rock block), simulates karst fissure by space between modules (two surfaces of crack are parallel to each other and the distance remains constant), and simulates karst conduit by presetting round pipes in the module (the pipe is straight and its diameter remains unchanged) [12–15]. The pipe is separated by vertical fissures, and water in the fissure and water in the pipe can be exchanged with each other in the process of groundwater flowing [16]. The design and physical drawings of this device are shown in Figures 1 and 2.
2.2. Material Dimensions and Design of Working Conditions
The diameter of the pipe is 10 cm, and the center of the pipe is 7.5 cm away from the bottom surface, crossing the vertical fissure vertically. In order to obtain a stable water level in the pipe fissures, the water levels at the inlet/outlet are set changeless in this test. The design upstream water level is 50 cm and the design downstream water level is 25 cm. Therefore, the baffle plate for upstream and downstream is 50 cm and 25 cm, respectively, so as to control the upstream and downstream water levels. The plane dimension of the water supply tank is 1.0 m in length and 1.0 m in width; the overflow conduit is 0.5 m in length and 1.0 m in width.
The mutually perpendicular fissure groups are designed with two different spaces of 25 × 15 cm and 50 × 30 cm, respectively, which are denoted with dense/thin respectively for the convenience to express. The horizontal and vertical width of the fissure is 1 mm, 3 mm, and 5 mm, respectively, and combinations of horizontal and vertical fissures are made. For the convenience of expression, it will be denoted directly in form of horizontal (H) and vertical (V) . Its front and side schematic diagrams are as shown in Figures 3–6. The tail end of the pipe is provided with a card slot, which can achieve the purpose of controlling the flow rate of water in the pipe by way of placing different baffles to control the inlet/outlet size of the pipe. The card slot and baffle are shown in Figures 7 and 8. The test conditions eventually obtained are shown in Table 1. The baffle setting of 0 in the table refers to conditions without baffle placing.
2.3. Layout and Spacing of Observation Hole
The observation hole is directly connected with the pipe. One observation hole is connected with vertical and horizontal fissures, respectively, (e g., observation hole 1), whereas the other observation hole only intersects with the horizontal fissure (e g., observation hole 2). The layout of the observation hole is shown in Figure 9. The longitudinal spacing (along the water flow direction) of the observation hole varies with different working conditions. The longitudinal spacing of the observation hole under different working conditions is listed in Table 2 (taking the H5V5dense as an example). The starting point of each distance measurement in the table is the front end of the module in the water supply tank, and its unit is cm.
3. Result and Analysis
When the water level in the upstream and downstream as well as in the observation hole is stable, the water levels of the observation hole under different working conditions are drawn into a curve graph, as shown in Figures 10–19. The vertical coordinate represents the water level, and the unit is expressed in centimeters. The horizontal coordinate represents the distance between each observation hole and the upstream water supply tank, and its unit is expressed in centimeters.
The number of observation holes along the axis of X direction is 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 in turn, among which observation hole No.1 was closest to the upstream water supply tank with the highest water level, and observation hole No.5 was closest to the downstream overflow tank with the lowest water level. At the same time, when the upstream and downstream water levels as well as the water level in the observation hole are stable, the height and time of water level increase in the water tank can be recorded. The bottom area of the tank was measured as 3.0177m2and the pipe diameter as 10 cm. Since the upstream and downstream water levels are changeless, when the water level of the observation hole is stable, the average flow velocity in the pipe makes little change. The average flow velocity in the pipe can be calculated by the following formula:
The results are shown in Table 3.
As shown in Figures 10–19, under various working conditions and flow velocity, the groundwater level in the conduit decreases gradually with the increase of distance, showing a significant linear relationship. Besides, the faster the water flows in the conduit, the greater the head loss along the pipe. The above-given law is in consistent with Darcy–Weisbach formula of head loss for common pipe flow [17].
Here, represents the hydraulic friction coefficient, represents the length(m) of the pipe, represents the inner diameter(m) of the pipe, represents the average flow velocity (m/s), and represents gravity acceleration, which is 9.81 m/s2.
As defined by the Outdoor Water Supply Design Specification [18], for the round pipes with a smooth plastic wall, its hydraulic friction coefficient should be calculated according to the following formula:
Here, represents the Reynolds number.
In this paper, the acrylic board is used to simulate the underground karst conduit and the inner wall of the fissure system which is relatively smooth, but due to the existence of transverse and vertical fissures, it may be unsuitable to calculate the head loss along the conduit by the above-given formula. Therefore, it is also necessary to additionally consider the coefficient resulting from fissure influence in the hydraulic friction coefficient .
Making represents the fissure’s width, for its vertical width, for its horizontal width, for the its vertical spacing, and for kinematic coefficient of viscosity (taken as 1.31 × 10−6 m3/s when the test water temperature is about 10 °C). Therefore, is defined as the influence coefficient of horizontal fissure width, as the influence coefficient of vertical fissure width, as the influence coefficient of vertical fissure space, and as the influence coefficient of horizontal fissure space. All the above-given variables are dimensionless coefficients, thus the overall fissure influence coefficient is
Here, , , , , and are all constant coefficient to be solved.
Then, the calculation formula of head loss of the pipe with horizontal and vertical fissures is
The formula to calculate the converted permeability coefficient of the pipe with horizontal and vertical fissures is
In order to verify the rationality of the added coefficient, and meanwhile, to obtain the value of each constant coefficient in fissures correction coefficient, fitting calculation can be made by the unit loss of head measured by the above-given test (the slope of the head curve in Figures 10–19) together with formula (6). See following Table 3 for the value of each parameter.
After iterative calculation, if there is a coefficient with a of −0.232, b of −0.109, c of −0.061, d of −0.055, and e of 106, it will demonstrate a good fitting effect with the related parameters R2 = 0.84, and the sum of the squares of the residuals of 0.00282. The calculated unit head loss is shown in Table 3. The revised calculation formula of converted permeability coefficient of karst conduit is applicable to the case that the fissures are distributed at equal intervals and the conduit keeps vertical and does not suffers from dramatically changes along the route. In the actual observation process, and in the local areas, the groundwater flow velocity or the equivalent radius of the flow area can be calculated by the above formula and through measuring a series of changes in the water level of the observation holes.
4. Conclusions
Based on the indoor model test on the flow characteristics of groundwater with a single conduit and multigroup of fissures in karst areas, this paper studies the variation of water level of observation hole on the main drainage pipe under different working conditions and also revised the hydraulic friction coefficient of a round pipe flowing with the test data. The following main conclusions have been obtained:(1)The groundwater level in the karst conduit decreases gradually with the increase of distance, showing an obvious linear relationship. Moreover, the faster the flow velocity in the conduit, the more the head loss along the conduit. This law is consistent with Darcy–Weisbach formula of head loss for common pipe flow.(2)The influence coefficient regarding fissures is added into the hydraulic friction coefficient, and the reduced permeability coefficient of the conduit under conditions of horizontal and vertical fissures has been obtained via fitting the test data. The calculation formula is (7)
The value of a, b, c, d, and e is obtained by regression analysis.
Data Availability
The figures and tables used to support the findings of this study are included in the article.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank all the technicians who have contributed to this research.