A Review of Control Techniques and Energy Storage for Inverter-Based Dynamic Voltage Restorer in Grid-Integrated Renewable Sources

Table 17

Comparison of various hybrid MLI topologies.

Topology								TSV	PIV	Findings
With H-bridge	Symmetric	[221]	(Nlel + 1)	6(n + 3)	(Nlel − 1)/2	—	—	23(Nlel − 45)/6	(Nlel − 1)/2	Features: reduced components, modularity, both symmetric and asymmetric, low cost, space and losses, and multilevel DC-link. Demerits: bidirectional and variety switches required, not suitable for MV applications, complex switching, and no fundamental switching operation. Applications: PV stand-alone, fuel cells, EVs, grid-tied PV systems, and LV applications.
		[222]	2(Nlel − 1)	2n + 1	(Nlel − 1)/2	—	—	2(Nlel − 1)	(Nlel − 1)/2
		[223]	2(Nlel − 1)	2n + 1	(Nlel − 1)/2	—	—	2(Nlel − 1)	(Nlel − 1)/2
		[224]	2(Nlel − 1)	2n + 1	(Nlel − 1)/2	—	—	2(Nlel − 1)	(Nlel − 1)/2
		[225]	(Nlel + 3)	2n + 1	(Nlel − 1)/2	—	—	3(Nlel − 1)	(Nlel − 1)/2
		[226]	(Nlel + 3)	4n + 1	(Nlel − 1)/4	—	—	2(Nlel − 1)	(Nlel − 1)/2
		[227]	3(Nlel + 5)/2	4n + 1	(Nlel − 1)/2	—	—	3.5(Nlel − 1)	(Nlel − 1)/2
		[228]	3(Nlel − 1)/2	4n + 1	(Nlel − 1)/2	—	—	2(Nlel − 1)	(Nlel − 1)/2
		[229]	2(Nlel + 3)/3	6n + 3	(Nlel − 1)/2	—	—	3(Nlel) − 4	(Nlel − 1)/2
		[230]	(Nlel + 9)/2	2n + 1	(Nlel − 1)/2	(Nlel − 1)/2	—	3(Nlel) − 4	(Nlel − 1)/2
		[231]	2(Nlel + 11)/3	6n + 1	1	—	2(Nlel + 3)/3	8(Nlel + 4)/3	(Nlel − 1)/2
		[232]	(Nlel + 5)/2	2n + 3	(Nlel − 1)/2	(Nlel − 3)/2	—	(5Nlel − 7)/2	(Nlel − 1)/2
	Asymmetric	[233]	4m	3^m	m	—	—	2(3^m − 1)	(3^m − 1)/2
		[226]	4(m + 1)	2(3^m) − 1	m	—	2m	3(3^m − 1)	(3^m − 1)/2
		[227]	3m  +  4	2(3^m/2) − 1	m	—	—	2(3^(m+2)/2–2)	(3^m/2–1)
		[234]	2m  +  4	3^m	m	—	—	3(3^m − 1)	(3^m − 1)/2
		[235]	m + 4	3^m	m	m	—	2.5(3^m − 1)	(3^m − 1)/2
		[236]	2m  +  4	3^m	m	—	—	3(3^m − 1)	(3^m − 1)/2
		[237]	(5m  +  13)/3	3^(m + ^2)/3	m	−	−	19(3^(m−1)/3) − 15	1.5(3^(m−1)/3) − 1
		[238]	6m	2(3^m) − 1	m	m	m	5(3^m − 1)	(3^m − 1)
Without H-bridge	Symmetric	[239]	(Nlel + 1)	2n + 1	(Nlel − 1)/2	—	—	2(Nlel − 1)	(Nlel − 1)/2	Features: reduced switch count, symmetric and asymmetric, low losses, less size and cost, and self-balancing of dc bus. Demerits: asymmetric mode requires a large number of switches, dc sources, diodes, less fault-tolerant, has uneven power loss, and poor semiconductor utilization. Applications: MV/HV, UPS, FACTS, stand-alone PV, and RES.
		[240]	3(Nlel − 1)/2	4n + 1	(Nlel − 1)/2	2(Nlel − 1)	—	5(Nlel − 1)/2	(Nlel − 1)
		[241]	7(Nlel − 1)/8	8n + 1	3(Nlel − 1)/8	(Nlel − 1)/2	—	13(Nlel − 1)/16	11(Nlel − 1)/8
		[242]	3(Nlel − 1)/2	2n + 1	(Nlel − 1)/2	—	—	3(Nlel − 1)	2(Nlel − 1)
	Asymmetric	[243]	5(Nlel − 1)/6	12n + 1	(Nlel − 1)/3	—	—	5(Nlel − 1)/3	5(Nlel − 1)/12
		[244]	3(Nlel − 1)/4	16n + 1	(Nlel − 1)/4	—	—	5(Nlel − 1)/2	(Nlel − 1)/2
		[245]	(Nlel + 11)/2	2n + 1	(Nlel − 1)/2	(Nlel − 1)/2	—	9(Nlel − 1)/4	(Nlel − 3)/2
		[246]	(Nlel + 1)	2n + 5	(Nlel − 1)/2	—	—	3Nlel − 7	(Nlel − 1)
		[247]	(Nlel + 5)	4n + 1	1	—	(Nlel + 3)/2	(Nlel + 9)/4	1
Miscellaneous hybrid		[249]	3(Nlel − 1)/4	16n + 1	(Nlel − 1)/8	—	(Nlel − 1)/4	(Nlel − 1)/30	(Nlel − 1)/2	Features: high efficiency and reliability, reduced switches, asymmetric, and fundamental frequency modulation. Demerits: complex due to capacitors and transformers. Applications: MV/HV and stand-alone PV.
		[250]	3(Nlel − 1)/4	16n + 1	(Nlel − 1)/16	(Nlel − 1)/8	(Nlel − 2)/5	5(Nlel − 2)/3	(Nlel − 1)/4
		[251]	5(Nlel − 1)/4	8n + 1	(Nlel − 1)/4	−	(Nlel − 1)/4	(Nlel − 1)	—
		[256]	(Nlel − 1)/2	10n + 1	(Nlel)/7	—	—	(Nlel − 1)/5	—