Mathematical Problems in Engineering

Review Article

A Review of Control Techniques and Energy Storage for Inverter-Based Dynamic Voltage Restorer in Grid-Integrated Renewable Sources

Table 7

Technical parameters of different energy storage technologies.
ParametersMechanicalElectrochemicalElectricalHydrogenThermal
PHSFESCAESPb-ANi-CdNa-SNaNiCl2Li-ionVRFBSCESSMES
Power range (MW)10–5000 [99–102] 1000–3000 [103]0.1–20 [99] < 0.25 [104] 0–0.25 [100, 102] 0.01–0.25 [105] 0–1.65 [106] 0–10 [103]5–1000 [99] 5–300 [100–102] 100–3000 [103] 50–350 [91]0–40 [99] 0–20 [100, 101] 0.05–10 [91]0–40 [99, 101]0.05–34 [99] 0.05–8 [101]0–3 [102] 0.05–2 [101]0–100 [99] 0–1 [100] 0–0.1 [101] 0.015–50 [91]0.3–3 [100]0–0.3 [100, 101]0.1–10 [100, 101]0–50 [101] 0.1–15 [91]50–250 [91]
Energy density (Wh/l)0.5–1.5 [100, 102, 105]20–80 [102, 104]3–6 [100–102]50–80 [100, 101] 50–100 [107]60–150 [99, 101]150–250 [100, 102]150–180 [102]200–500 [101, 102] 200–350 [107]16–33 [100] 20–70 [108]2.5–15 [102] 2–10 [107]0.2–2.5 [102]——
Power density (W/l)0.5–1.5 [104, 109]1000–2000 [102, 104]0.5–2 [100, 101]10–400 [100, 101]150–300 [99]150–230 [100, 102]220–300 [102]500–2000 [102]0.5–2 [108]500–5000 [102]1000–4000 [102]——
Round trip efficiency (%)75–85 [99], 65–87 [100, 102] 70–85 [105]93–95 [99] 90–95 [105] 90–93 [109]70–89 [99] 50–89 [100, 101] 70–79 [109]70–90 [99] 75–80 [100]60–65 [99] 85–90 [100]85–90 [99] 80–90 [100, 102]85–90 [102]85–90 [100, 102] ∼90–97 [104]85–90 [100] 75–82 [109]90–95 [100, 102] 95–98 [109]95–98 [100, 102] 95 [109]35–40 [91]14–18 [91]
Discharge time (ms-hr)1–24 hr+ [99, 100, 102, 105]Ms–15 min [99, 102, 105]1–24 hr+ [99, 100, 102]Sec-hr [99–101]Sec-hrs [100]Sec-hr [99, 100, 102]Sec–h [102]Min–hr [99, 100, 102]Sec-10 hrs [100]Ms–hr [99]Ms–8 sec [99]12+ [91]1–24+ [101]
Response time (ms-h)sec-min [99] min [104, 105] 1-2 min [100]<4 ms-sec [99], sec [105]1–15 min [99], 1-2 min [100]5–10 ms [99], sec[100]20 ms-sec [99], sec [100]1 ms [99]Sec [100]<sec [108]20 ms-s [99]Sec [100]8 ms [99]<100 ms [99]——
Lifetime (yr)40–60 [99, 101, 102, 104]15 + [99], 15 [100–102]20–40 [99]3–15 [99], 5–15 [100, 101]10–20 [99, 100]10–15 [99, 100, 102]10–14 [102]5–15 [99, 100]5–10 [100]20+ [99, 100]20+ [99, 100]——
Daily self discharge (%)Very small [100, 104] 0.00 [110]100 [101] 24–100 [110]Small [101, 104] 0.00 [110]0.1–0.3 [100, 101] 0.033–1.10 [110]0.2–0.6 [100, 101] 0.07–0.71 [110]20 [100, 102, 110]11.89–26.25 [110]0.1–0.3 [100, 101] 0.03–0.33 [110]Small [100]20–40 [99, 100] 0.46–40 [110]10–15 [99, 100] 1–15 [110]0 [91]0.05–1 [101]
Power cost $ (kW)2000–4300 [99] 600–2000 [100, 102] 500–2000 [105]250–350 [99, 100, 102] 271–380 [111]400–1000 [99] 400–800 [102] 1411–1628 [111]300–600 [99, 101] 200–300 [100] 326–651 [111]500–1500 [99]1000–3000 [99, 101, 102], 380–3256 [111]150–300 [102]900–4000 [99] 10200–4000 [100, 101] 1303–4342 [111]600–1500 [100] 651–1628 [111]100–450 [99] 271–480 [111]200–489 [99] 200–300 [101] 217–326 [111]540–4809 [91]—
Energy cost $ (kWh)5–100 [99–101, 109] 1–291.20 [110] 217–271 [111]1000–14,000 [99] 500–1000 [100] 1000–5000 [101, 102]200–150,000 [110] 1085–5427 [111]2–120 [99] 2–50 [101] 1–140 [110] 217–271 [111]200–400 [99, 101, 110] 120–150 [100] 50–1100 [110] 54–337 [111]400–2400 [99] 800–1500 [104] 330–3500 [110]300–500 [99, 101] 150–900 [110] 326–543 [111]100–200 [102] 100–345 [110]600–3800 [99] 300–1300 [100] 2000–4000 [110]651–2714 [111]150–1000 [100] 100–2000 [110] 190–1085 [111]300–2000 [99] 100–94,000 [110]1000–10,000 [101] 5000–1,080,000 [110] 1085–10854 [111]2–15 [91]—
Environmental impactHigh/medium [99–101, 110]Very low [99–101, 110]Medium/low [99–101, 110]High [100, 101, 110]High [100, 110]High [100, 110]Medium/low [110]Medium/low [100, 110]Medium/low [100, 110]Very low [100, 110]Low [100, 110]——
Specific power (W/kg)———75–300 [91] 180 [106] 150–230 [91] 150–240 [106]150–200 [91] 174 [106]150–315 [91] 500–2000 [106]80–150 [106]∼100,000 [91]———
Specific energy (Wh/kg)0.5–1.5 [101]10–30 [101] 5–80 [91]30–60 [101]35–50 [91] 30–50 [101]50–75 [101] 45–80 [91]175 [91] 150–240 [101]70–90 [91]75–200 [101] 120–200 [91]25–35 [91] 10–30 [101]0.05–5 [91]—400–1000 [91]80–200 [101]
Technology maturityVery mature/fully commercialized [99, 104, 105, 110]Mature/commercializing [100, 102, 104, 105, 110]Proven/commercializing [100, 110]Very mature/fully commercialized [104, 105, 110]Very mature/fully commercialized [99, 100, 110]Proven/commercializing [99, 100, 110]Proven/commercializing [102, 110]Proven/commercializing [99, 100]Proven/commercializing [100, 110]Proven/commercializing [99, 110]Proven/commercializing [99, 110]Proven [106]Proven [106]