Nonlinear Effect of Urbanization on the Gap between Urban and Rural Elementary Education in China

Table 1

The results of stationarity test.

Variable	LLC test	IPS test
Urban-rural gap of elementary education (EG)	−6.7601[0.0000]	−4.6415[0.0000]
GDP per capita (GDP)	−10.9234[0.0000]	−4.8700[0.0000]
Urbanization (Urb)	−12.0674[0.0000]	−8.1862[0.0001]
Income gap between urban and rural residents (IG)	−6.9190[0.0000]	−2.6924[0.0010]
Government spending on education per student (GSE)	−6.7538[0.0000]	−1.3091[0.0125]
Family education expenditure intensity (EEI)	−8.0677[0.0000]	−3.7914[0.0000]
Education level (Edu)	−5.7845[0.0000]	−5.0699[0.0000]

Notes: , , and , and the corresponding value of test statistics is given in brackets.