Incorporating Sulfur and CO₂ Emission Reduction Options into the Container Fleet Capacity Renewal Alternatives for a Shipping Operator in the Post-COVID-19 Era

Table 1

Literature review with respect to sulfur emission reduction technology, variables for container fleet capacity expansion, and the post-COVID-19 era.

Citations	Sulfur emission reduction technology				Variables for container fleet capacity expansion				Post-COVID-19 era
	LNG	Scrubber	MGO	Fuel switching	Distance of the round trip	Fuel price	The freight rates	Initial investment ratios of new vessels
[24]			√
[25]			√	√		√		√
[26]		√				√		√
[27]							√	√
[11]						√
[28]		√		√		√		√
[29]						√		√
[30]	√		√			√
[5]			√
[31]	√	√	√						√
[32]	√
[10]	√	√	√
[19]	√
[33]			√						√
[34]	√	√	√						√
[35]	√	√		√		√		√	√
[36]	√					√
[37]				√	√		√	√	√
[38]									√
This research	√		√		√	√	√	√	√