Mathematical biology aims to mathematically represent and model biological processes using techniques and tools including applied mathematics, which can be useful in both theoretical and practical research. Describing systems in a quantitative manner means their behavior can be better simulated, and hence properties can be predicted that might not be evident to the experimenter.

However, this requires precise mathematical models. Because of the complexity of living systems, theoretical biology employs several fields of mathematics and has contributed to the development of new techniques. A system is isolated if it does not interact with its surroundings. An isolated system does not exchange energy or matter with its surroundings. The second law of thermodynamics introduces the irreversibility of the evolution: an isolated system cannot pass from a state of higher entropy to a state of lower entropy. Equivalently, the second law says that it is impossible to perform a process whose only final effect is the transmission of heat from a cooler medium to a warmer one. Any such transmission must involve outside work; the elements participating in the work will also change their states and the overall entropy will rise.

This Special Issue welcomes original research and review articles based on the theoretical and experimental developments in peristaltic flow, blood flow, cilia motion, and nano-sized particle phenomenon occurring through many flow mechanisms. Heat and mass transfer analysis with entropy generation analysis are the key features of this Special Issue.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

• Exact methods to solve Navier Stokes equations
• Numerical Techniques
• Physical and Mathematical formulation
• Entropy generation
• Peristaltic flows
• Blood flow, cilia motion, electro-osmotic in three-dimensional geometry
• Slip conditions