Modeling the Dynamic Failure of Railroad Tank Cars Using a Physically Motivated Internal State Variable Plasticity/Damage Nonlocal Model

<table>Geometry of the <svg height="11.225" id="M76" style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 33.974998 11.225" width="33.974998" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
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</svg> inch impact face impactor used in the hazmat tank car impact numerical simulations.</table>

Modelling and Simulation in Engineering

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Figure 4

Figure 4: Modeling the Dynamic Failure of Railroad Tank Cars Using a Physically Motivated Internal State Variable Plasticity/Damage Nonlocal Model 