Optimization of AL6061-T6 Tube End Forming Process Using Response Surface Method

Table 1

Geometric input parameters of the tube end closing process.

Symbol	Description
	Roller inclination angle
	Depth of contact at , measured from tube’s face [mm]
	Depth of contact at , measured from tube’s face [mm]
	Depth of the mandrel measured from tube’s face [mm]
	Center distance between roller and tube for [mm]
	Inclined center distance between inclined roller and tube for [mm]
	Inner tube diameter [mm]
	Outer tube diameter [mm]
	Roller diameter [mm]
	Mandrel diameter [mm]
	Initial tube thickness [mm]
	Radius of mandrel’s curvature/fillet [mm]
	Tube closing diameter of the final deformed tube [mm]