Cerebrospinal Fluid and Blood Biomarkers of Neuroaxonal Damage in Multiple Sclerosis

Table 3

Parameters of humoral and cellular response to markers of neuroaxonal damage in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and clinically isolated syndrome suggestive of MS (CIS).

Biomarker	Body fluid	Immunoassay	Number of patients	Main findings	REF
Anti-NF-L	CSF/SE	ELISA (IgG)	67 MS (RR/SP/PP)	CSF/SE index in PP or SP ↑↑ RR or OIND/NIND/NHCo	[74]
	CSF/SE	ELISA (IgM, IgG)	58 MS (RR/SP/PP) + 8 CIS	specific IgG-index in MS ↑↑ CD	[79]
	CSF/SE	ELISA (IgG)	51 MS (RR/SP/PP)	CSF/SE index correlated with brain atrophy, RR ↔ SP ↔ PP	[66]
	CSF/SE	ELISA (IgG)	130 MS (RR/SP/PP)	serum antibody levels in PP ↑↑ OND or HCo	[80]
Anti-NF-M	CSF/SE	ELISA (IgG)	47 MS (RR/SP/PP)	significant correlation with anti-NF-L and antitubulin IgG in serum and CSF	[81]
	CSF/SE	ELISA (IgG, IgM)	49 MS (RR/SP/PP)	IgM and IgG specific indices in MS subgroups ↑↑ CD or CN	[82]
Anti-NF-H	CSF/SE	ELISA (IgG)	51 MS (RR/SP/PP)	RR ↔ SP ↔ PP	[66]
	CSF/SE	ELISA (IgG)	67 MS (RR/SP/PP)	MS ↔ OIND/NIND/NHCo	[74]
Antitubulin	CSF/SE	ELISA (IgG)	67 MS (RR/SP/PP)	MS ↔ OIND/NIND/NHCo	[74]
	CSF/SE	ELISA (IgG)	47 MS (RR/SP/PP)	significant correlation with anti-NF-L and anti-NF-M IgG in serum and CSF	[81]
	CSF/SE	ELISA (IgG)	29 MS (RR/SP/PP) + 5CIS	CSF levels in MS+CIS ↑↑ CN	[83]
Anti-NSE T-cell response	PBMC	T-cell Proliferation Assay	35 MS	prevalence of response in MS ↑↑ HCo	[84]

REF: reference; Anti-NF-L: antibodies to neurofilament-light chain; anti-NF-M: antibodies to neurofilament-intermediate chain; anti-NF-H: antibodies to neurofilament-heavy chain; NSE: neuron-specific enolase; SE: serum; PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cells; ELISA: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; IgG: immunoglobulin G, IgM: immunoglobulin M; RR: relapsing-remitting MS; SP: secondary-progressive MS; PP: primary-progressive MS; ↑↑ significantly higher than; ↔ no difference between; OIND: other inflammatory neurological diseases; NIND: noninflammatory neurological disorders; NHCo: neurologically healthy controls; CD: miscellaneous neurological diseases; OND: other neurological diseases; HCo: healthy controls, CN: normal controls (vertigo, headache, psychogenic syndrome, and fatigue).