The Incidence of Euphoria in Multiple Sclerosis: Artefact of Measure

Table 1

Sociodemographic and medical characteristics of the MS patients and healthy controls ().

Characteristic	MS	HC	(df = 198)/ (df = 1)	(2-tailed/2-sided)	95% CI
					LL	UL
Gender, male : female	14 : 86	14 : 86	.0001	1.000
Race, Caucasian :  Coloured/Indian	71 : 29	73 : 27	.099	.753
Age	44.49 ± 11.17 (19–72)	43.75 ± 11.02 (19–69)	−.472	.638	−3.83	2.35
Education	13.18 ± 1.65 (8–15)	13.40 ± 1.50 (8–15)	.984	.326	−0.22	0.66
Income	R26,006.51 ± R22,536.54 (R1,200.50–R153,601.00)	R26,993.51 ± R21,480.21 (R1,200.50–R153,601.00)	.317	.752	−5,152.58	7,126.58
Disease duration	9.57 ± 7.5 (0–42)
Disease course, RRMS : PPMS : SPMS	75 : 10 : 15

Note. All continuous data are represented as means and standard deviations, with ranges in parentheses. In defining “race,” apartheid era classifications continue to be used in South Africa to designate previously disadvantaged groups. “Coloured” refers to individuals with a mixed race background. “Education” represents highest level of education in years. “Income” represents monthly household income. “Disease duration” was measured from year of diagnosis, represented in years.
RRMS = Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis; PPMS: Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis; SPMS = Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis.