Effects on Balance and Walking with the CoDuSe Balance Exercise Program in People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial

Table 2

Results on the outcome measures at baseline and postintervention (week 8) assessments, change from baseline, and differences between groups.

Variable (score range)	Intervention group n = 35		Control group n = 38		Difference between groups
	Baseline week 0 mean (SD)	Change from week 0 to week 8 Mean (SD), p value	Baseline week 0 mean (SD)	Change from week 0 to week 8 mean (SD), p value	LS Means for change from week 0 to week 8 mean (95% confidence interval), p value
Berg Balance Scale (0–56)	48.9 (5.8)	2.6 (4.1); p < 0.001	45.1 (9.0)	1.6 (4.1); p = 0.020	2.1 (0.5; 3.8); p = 0.011
Postural sway area, eyes open on hard floor (mm^2)	1303 (1612)	−423 (1789); p = 0.17	1438 (1322)	506 (1877); p = 0.11	−997 (−1788; −206); p = 0.014
Postural sway area, eyes closed on hard floor (mm^2)	2190 (2413)	−737 (2662); p = 0.12	4020 (5918)	−100 (4308); p = 0.89	−1036 (−2718; 645); p = 0.22
Postural sway area, eyes open on soft cushion (mm^2)	3909 (3417)	−1230 (2906); p = 0.017	4096 (3728)	1133 (4500); p = 0.17	−2022 (−3608; −436); p = 0.013
Postural sway area, eyes closed on soft cushion (mm^2)	8068 (5586)	−1040 (5632); p = 0.40	9477 (6623)	−2544 (7382); p = 0.12	−322 (−3517; 2874); p = 0.84
FSST (s)	19.9 (11.9)	−0.5 (11.0); p = 0.77	30.3 (28.0)	−3.5 (10.0); p = 0.055	1.7 (−3.3; 6.6); p = 0.51
Sit-to-stand (s)	35.2 (12.1)	−3.6 (8.2); p = 0.013	42.0 (16.6)	−4.1 (9.8); p = 0.014	−2.2 (−5.6; 1.2); p = 0.21
TUG test (s)	13.7 (5.5)	0.5 (8.5); p = 0.74	17.0 (9.1)	−1.0 (3.8); p = 0.13	1.4 (−1.7; 4.5); p = 0.37
TUG test (s)	17.6 (8.3)	−0.1 (12.4); p = 0.94	24.0 (16.4)	−3.9 (8.9); p = 0.011	1.3 (−3.3; 5.9); p = 0.58
FGA (0–30)	15.8 (5.4)	2.7 (4.2); p < 0.001	14.6 (4.7)	0.7 (2.0); p = 0.037	2.1 (0.6; 3.6); p = 0.0079
MS walking scale (12–60)	40.0 (9.9)	−3.4 (5.0); p < 0.001	41.6 (9.7)	0.1 (5.2); p = 0.88	−3.7 (−6.0; −1.3); p = 0.0026
ABC scale (0–100)	59.3 (22.6)	7.7 (16.0); p = 0.0074	58.6 (19.8)	−1.9 (13.2); p = 0.37	9.9 (4.4; 15.4); p < 0.001

Mean (SD) is given for baseline week 0; mean (SD) and p value computed by Student’s t-test are given for change from baseline to follow-up week 8. Mean (95% confidence interval) and p value computed by using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) adjusted for baseline value are given for difference between groups.
LS Means: Least Square Means adjusted for baseline value obtained from ANCOVA.
FSST: Four-Square Step Test; TUG test: Timed-Up and Go test; TUG test: TUG test with a cognitive task; FGA: Functional Gait Assessment; ABC scale: Activities-specific Balance Confidence scale.