Pharmacogenetic Biomarkers to Predict Treatment Response in Multiple Sclerosis: Current and Future Perspectives

Table 3

Examples of pharmacogenetic biomarkers in clinical practice.

Disease	Drug	Biomarker	Significance
HIV	Abacavir	allele	Presence of allele indicates high risk of hypersensitivity reaction
Metastatic melanoma	Vemurafenib	mutation	Presence of mutation specified in drug indication
Myelodysplastic syndrome	Lenalidomide	5q deletion	Presence of 5q deletion specified in drug indication
Cystic fibrosis	Ivacaftor	Defined mutations in the CFTR gene (G551D, G1244E, G1349D, G178R, G551S, S1251N, S1255P, S549N, or S549R)	Presence of defined mutations allows drug use
Schizophrenia	Aripiprazole	CYP2D6	Dosage adjustments necessary in CYP2D6 poor metabolizers
Transplantation	Mycophenolic acid	HGPRT	Contraindicated in patients with hereditary deficiency of HGPRT
Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Glimepiride	G6PD	Can cause hemolytic anemia in patients with G6PD deficiency

CFTR: cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator; CYP: cytochrome P450; HLA: human leukocyte antigen; G6PD: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; HGPRT: hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus.