Review Article
Altered GABA Signaling in Early Life Epilepsies
Table 2
Phenotype of CCC mutations.
| CCC | Location | Mutation | Species | Neurological effect | Ref. |
| KCC1 | Ubiquitous | Knockout | Mouse | None seen | [92] | KCC2 | Brain | KCC2a and KCC2b knockout | Mouse | Death at birth | [93] | | Brain | KCC2b knockout | Mouse | Seizures, low weight, early mortality | [94] | | Brain | Hypomorph | Mouse | Increased seizure susceptibility and anxiety | [95] | | Brain | Heterozygote | Mouse | Hyperexcitability | [96] | KCC3 | Ubiquitous | KCC3a-c knockout | Human, mouse | Peripheral neuropathy; seizures have been reported | [97–100] | KCC4 | Kidney, heart, lungs, liver | Knockout | Mouse | Deafness | [101] | NKCC1 | Ubiquitous | NKCC1a knockout | Mouse | Deafness, circling behavior | [102] | | Ubiquitous | NKCC1a and NKCC1b knockout | Mouse | Deafness, circling behavior, growth retardation, defective spermatogenesis, increased threshold to thermal stimulation | [103, 104] | NKCC2 | Kidney | Knockout | Human | Bartter’s syndrome | [105] |
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