Plasticity and mTOR: Towards Restoration of Impaired Synaptic Plasticity in mTOR-Related Neurogenetic Disorders

Figure 1

Pathways associated with neurogenetic conditions linked by mTOR and impaired synaptic plasticity. AKT-v—akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1; AMPK—adenosine monophosphate kinase; ATP—adenosine triphosphate; EIF4E/4EBP1—eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1; ERK—extracellular signal-related kinase; FKB12-FK506—binding protein family; FMRP—fragile X mental retardation protein; GBL/LST8—(mTOR-associated protein, LST8 homolog); GDP—guanosine diphosphate; GTP—guanosine triphosphate; GDP—guanosine diphosphate; HIF1α—hypoxia inducible factor 1, alpha subunit IGF—insulin-like growth factor; IGFR—insulin-like growth factor receptor; IRS—insulin receptor substrate; LKB1—serine threonine kinase 11; mTORC1—mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1; mTORC2—mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2; MEK—dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase 1; NF-1—neurofibromatosis 1; P/+ Thr308—phosphorylation of threonine, position 308; P/+ Ser473—phosphorylation of serine, position 473; PDK1—pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 1; PDK 2—pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 2; PI3K—phosphoinositide-3-kinase; PIKE—phosphoinositide 3-kinase enhancer; PIP1—p21-activated protein kinase-interacting protein 1 (PAK1 interacting protein 1); PIP2—phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate; PIP3—phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate; PTEN—phosphatase and tensin homolog; RAS—Ras p21 protein activator 1 or RAS GTPase activating protein; REDD1—regulated in development and DNA damage responses; RHEB—Ras homologue expressed in brain; RTK—receptor tyrosine kinase; S6K—ribosomal protein S6 kinase; TSC—tuberous sclerosis complex; VEGF—vascular endothelial growth factor; VHL—von Hippel Lindau.