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Trisomy | Hsa21 | Segment of Mmu16 | Segment of Mmu17 | Segment of Mmu10 | Segment of Mmu16, Mmu17, and Mmu10 | Hsa21 |
| DS | Dp(16)1Yey/+ | Ts65Dn | Ts2Cje | Ts1Cje | Ms1Ts65 | Ts1Rhr | Dep(17)1Yey/+ | Ts1Yah | Dp(10)1Yey/+ | Dp(10)1Yey/+; Dp(16)1Yey/+; Dep(17)1Yey/+ Yu et al., 2010 | Tc1 |
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| Brain volume | Reduced | | Reduced | Reduced during the embryonic period | Reduced during the embryonic period | Reduced | Reduced at 4 months of age | | | | | |
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| Neuronal density | Reduced | | Reduced | Reduced | Not affected | | | | | | | |
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| Cerebellar volume | Reduced | | Reduced | | Reduced | Not affected | Reduced | | | | | Reduced |
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| Cerebellar neuronal density | | | Reduced | | Reduced | Reduced | | | | | | Reduced |
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| Neurogenesis | (i) Impaired neural precursor proliferation | | (i) Impaired neural precursor proliferation | (i) Impaired neural precursor proliferation | (i) Impaired neural precursor proliferation |
| (ii) Slowing of the cell cycle | (ii) Slowing of the cell cycle | (ii) Impaired neurodifferentiation |
| (iii) Impaired neurodifferentiation | (iii) Impaired neurodifferentiation | (iii) Impaired cerebellar neurogenesis |
| (iv) Impaired cerebellar neurogenesis | (iv) Impaired cerebellar neurogenesis | |
|
| Dendrites and dendritic spines | (i) Impaired morphology | | (i) Impaired morphology | (i) Impaired morphology | (i) Impaired morphology | | (i) Impaired morphology | | | | | |
| (ii) Reduced density | (ii) Reduced density | (ii) Reduced density | (ii) Reduced density | (ii) Reduced density |
|
| Synaptic density | | | (i) Reduced | | (i) Size of presynaptic boutons and average length of synaptic clefts are increased | | | | | | | |
| (ii) Size of presynaptic boutons and average length of synaptic clefts are increased |
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| Inhibition | | | (i) Increased number of inhibitory synapses | | (i) Redistribution of inhibitory synapses | | | | | | | |
| (ii) Decreased number of excitatory synapses |
| (iii) Redistribution of inhibitory synapses |
| (iv) Increased number of GABAergic interneurons |
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| Electrophysiology | (i) EEG abnormalities | (i) Impaired hippocampal LTP | (i) Impaired hippocampal LTP | | (i) Impaired hippocampal LTP | | (i) Impaired hippocampal LTP | (i) Enhanced hippocampal LTP | | (i) Unchanged LTP | | (i) Impaired hippocampal LTP |
| (ii) EEG coherence differences |
| (iii) Alterations in event-related potentials |
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