Mean age: ~46 years Mean MS duration ~14 years Median EDSS: 2.0 Course: 20 RR
Randomized controlled trial
Active group: outpatient cognitive training using the RehaCom package
1-hour sessions, 3 times per week, for 12 weeks Control group: no intervention
The PASAT, WCST, and oral word association test improved in active group
Increased connectivity of the anterior cingulum with the right inferior parietal lobule and decreased connectivity of the anterior cingulum with the right inferior temporal gyrus were found in active group
Mean age: ~49 years Mean MS duration ~14 years Median EDSS: N/R Course: 9 RR, 3 SP, and 2 PP
Double-blind randomized controlled group
Active group: modified story memory technique
45–60-minute sessions, 2 times per week, for 5 weeks Control group: story reading and answering relative questions
45–60-minute sessions, 2 times per week, for 5 weeks
Just a nonsignificant improvement of CVLT short-delay free recall was found in active group
Increased connectivity (default-mode network) of insula and pyramids of vermis (left hippocampus seeded), postcentral gyrus (right hippocampus seeded), and thalamus (posterior cingulated cortex seeded)
Mean age: ~47 years Mean MS duration ~21 years Median EDSS: 4.5 Course: 32 RR
Nonrandomized parallel group trial
Active group: outpatient cognitive training using the RehaCom package
50-minute sessions, 2 times per week for 8 weeks Control group: newspaper reading and content referring 30-minute sessions, 2 times per week, for 8 weeks
The SDMT, PASAT, SRT-D, and SPART-D improved in active group
Increased functional connectivity (default-mode network) of the posterior cingulated cortex and inferior parietal cortex (bilaterally) was found in active group