Physical Exercise as a Diagnostic, Rehabilitation, and Preventive Tool: Influence on Neuroplasticity and Motor Recovery after Stroke

Table 1

Influence of pharmacological agents associated with physical exercise on motor recovery after brain stroke.

Drug agents	Targets	Results	References
Indomethacin Minocycline	Inflammatory processes	infarct volume (indomethacin only); sensorimotor performance; microglia; astroglia	[10]
GSNO	Oxidative stress; Inflammatory processes; Excitotoxicity	infarct volume, apoptotic cell death; neurological score, motor recovery, and survival rate; CBF, synaptic plasticity, and BBB leakage; TNF-α, IL-1β, and iNOS	[18, 27, 28]
D-Amphetamine	Noradrenergic α1-receptor agonist	motor recovery	[29]
NEP 1-40	Nogo-A protein inhibitor	early motor recovery; axonal growth	[30]
NgR(310)Ecto-Fc	Nogo-NgR pathway; inhibitor	motor recovery; axonal plasticity	[31]
Progesterone	Excitotoxicity; Inflammatory processes	infarct volume; forelimbs strength and motor recovery	[32]
EGF and EPO	Neuron proliferation, migration, and differentiation	accelerated fine motor recovery	[33, 34]
Chondroitinase ABC	Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs)	CSPGs; synaptic plasticity; motor recovery	[35]

↗ indicates an increase and ↘ a decrease, respectively; NEP 1-40: NOGO extracellular peptide; EGF: epidermal growth factor; EPO: erythropoietin; GSNO: S-nitrosoglutathione; CBF: cerebral blood flow; BDNF: brain developed neurotrophic factor; trkB: tropomyosin receptor kinase B; BBB: blood brain barrier. Molecules combination.