Neuromodulator and Emotion Biomarker for Stress Induced Mental Disorders

Figure 1

A cartoon showing the emotional flow. People first have a safety check for whatever things that may happen and get the fear and anger emotions if things happen unexpectedly (surprise), depending on available information. Fear is worrying about threats (primary appraisal). Anger comes after fear is gone when more information is available, and people are not scared anymore; instead, they started to blame the reasons for the unexpectancy (secondary appraisal). Fear and anger are not related to the hedonic characteristics of things, which are related to happiness or sadness. Usually, almost every stressful event can induce an emotional flow: fear-anger-happiness-sadness-calm (missing) (adapted from our previous paper [20]).