Hypothalamic AMPK as a Regulator of Energy Homeostasis

Figure 2

Factors modulating hypothalamic AMPK activity. By inducing AMPK phosphorylation, adiponectin, ghrelin, cannabinoids, and glucocorticoids activate hypothalamic AMPK activity. On the other hand, estradiol, leptin, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) inhibit central AMPK activity by decreasing AMPK phosphorylation. AdipoR1, adiponectin receptor 1; GHSR, growth hormone secretagogue receptor; CaMKKβ, Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β; CB1R, cannabinoid type 1 receptor; ERα, estrogen receptor α; GLP-1R, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor.