Reduced γ-Aminobutyric Acid and Glutamate+Glutamine Levels in Drug-Naïve Patients with First-Episode Schizophrenia but Not in Those at Ultrahigh Risk

Table 1

Demographic and clinical characteristics among patients with first-episode schizophrenia (FES), subjects at ultrahigh risk for psychosis (UHR), and healthy controls (HC).

	HC	UHR	FES	Statistical significance
Group size	23	21	16	—
Age (years)	22.52 (5.50)	21.05 (5.69)	22.13 (5.49)
Years of education	11.73 (2.03)	10.90 (2.17)	12.31 (2.47)
Gender (male/female)	11/12	12/9	8/8
Handedness (right/left)	23/0	21/0	16/0	—
Tobacco use	4/23	0/21	0/16
SIPS/SOPS
Positive	—	9.10 (3.00)	—
Negative	—	12.48 (5.33)	—
General	—	7.67 (2.97)	—
Disorganization	—	9.29 (3.39)	—
BPRS
Positive	—	—	12.19 (3.75)
Negative	—	—	8.38 (2.53)
Total	—	—	43.56 (4.15)

SIPS/SOPS: Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes and Scale of Prodromal Syndromes; BPRS: Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale.