Bilingualism and Musicianship Enhance Cognitive Control
Table 1
Participant demographics (means and standard deviations).
Bilinguals
Musicians
Bilingual musicians
Controls
Gender
9 M, 34 F
10 M, 32 F
23 M, 46 F
15 M, 49 F
Age
22.30 (4.05)
22.21 (3.42)
20.60 (2.86)
22.88 (4.03)
IQ (WASI)
109.16 (8.59)
114.74 (9.92)
113.55 (9.56)
111.67 (11.39)
Digit span (CTOPP)
16.12 (3.00)
17.69 (1.54)
17.47 (2.76)
17.55 (2.46)
WASI = Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence. CTOPP = Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing. Asterisks indicate significant group differences.
