Potential Role of JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway in the Neurogenic-to-Gliogenic Shift in Down Syndrome Brain

Figure 1

The canonical JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Ligands bind to corresponding receptors and allow the appropriate JAKs to phosphorylate each other, leading to their activation. Activated JAKs phosphorylate STATs, followed by subsequent dimerization of the STATs. STAT dimers are transported into the nucleus and bind the promoters of target genes to initiate transcription. The ligands include interleukins (IL-10, IL-19, IL-20, and IL-22), IFNs (IFNα, IFNβ, and IFNγ), gp130 family (IL-6, IL-11, oncostatin M, leukemia inhibitory factor, cardiotrophin-1, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, IL-12, Leptin, and ciliary neurotrophic factor), and γ-chain (gC) family (IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21).