Deep Brain Stimulation for Obesity: From a Theoretical Framework to Practical Application

Figure 1

Starvation and satiety have opposing effects on levels of long-term (leptin, insulin) and short-term (ghrelin, CCK) signals that act on distinct neuronal populations within the hypothalamus. The effects of these neurons are mediated by melanocortin receptors and ultimately lead to increased or decreased intake based on the organism’s needs.