Recent Advance in the Relationship between Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters and Parkinson’s Disease

Figure 1

The mode of EAATs action. In the normal condition, the outward facing empty glutamate transporter (1) binds with glutamate, H⁺, and 3 Na⁺ (2) and turns into the fully loaded carrier state (3). Followed by releasing the substrates at the intracellular face (4), the transporter turns into the inward facing empty state (5). Thereafter, K⁺ binds to the inward facing transporter (6) and turns into the K⁺ loaded transporter state (7). Afterwards, the transporter releases K⁺ at the extracellular face (8) and translocates back into the outward facing empty glutamate transporter state (1).