Adaptive Plasticity in the Healthy Language Network: Implications for Language Recovery after Stroke

Figure 1

Illustration of different combinations of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). (a) fMRI can be used to localize target areas for TMS application. Subsequently, TMS is applied to probe the contribution of these regions to a specific task. (b) TMS can also be applied prior to fMRI to probe its lasting neuromodulatory effects on the network level. (c) Simultaneous TMS and fMRI can be used to map the immediate consequences of TMS on brain functions.

(a) fMRI preceding TMS: localization of neural activity

(b) TMS preceding fMRI: mapping lasting stimulation effects

(c) Concurrent TMS & fMRI: mapping immediate stimulation effects