|
| Biomarker group | Molecule | | Diagnostic or prognostic value(1) | References |
|
| Myokines | Irisin | | | ↑ | Good prognostic marker of stroke recovery with training | [21, 22] |
| Myostatin (GDF-8) | ↑ | Muscular biomarker of stroke
Muscle wasting | | | [23–26] |
| Follistatin | | | ↑ | Good prognostic marker of stroke (muscular level) | [27–30] |
| PEDF | | | ↑ | Good prognostic marker of stroke (angiogenic level) | [31, 32] |
| DPP4 | | | ↓ | Ameliorating stroke recovery | [33, 34] |
| Osteonectin (SPARC) | | | ↑ | Neural repair following stroke | |
| FGF-21 | ↑ | Negatively associated with stroke | | | [35] |
|
| Neurotropic factors | Brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) | ↑ | Improvement in stroke recovery
Biomarker of stroke onset | ↓ | Bad prognosis stroke recovery | [17, 19, 20, 36] |
| Neurotrophin-3 | ↑ | Biomarkers of stroke onset | ↑ | Stroke recovery | [37, 38] |
| Neurotrophin-4 | ↑ | Biomarkers of stroke onset | | | [39] |
| CNTF | ↑ | Biomarkers of stroke onset | | | [40] |
|
| Neuropeptides | Neuropeptide Y | | | ↑ | Good prognostic biomarker in certain SNP patterns | [41] |
| Proenkephalin A | | | ↑ | Bad prognosis in stroke progression | [42–44] |
| PACAP | | | ↑ | Bad prognosis in hemorrhagic stroke progression | [45] |
| Substance P | | | ↑ | Very bad prognosis in ischemic stroke progression | [46] |
|
| Growth factors and GF-like molecules | VEGF | ↑ | Biomarkers of stroke onset | | | [47–49] |
| IGF-1, IGF-II | | | ↑ | Good prognosis in ischemic stroke progression (remodelling) | [50–52] |
|
| Cytokines | Interleukin 6 (IL-6) | ↑ | Stroke onset and progression | ↑ | Prognostic value to be reviewed | [1, 15, 16] |
| Interleukin-33 (IL-33) | ↑ | Biomarkers of stroke onset | ↓ | Bad prognosis in ischemic stroke progression | [53] |
| Interleukin 15 (IL-15) | ↑ | Biomarkers of stroke onset | ↑ | Brain injury | [54] |
| Interleukin-11 (IL-11) | ↑ | Biomarkers of stroke onset | | | [55, 56] |
|
