|
| Behavior | Assay | Examples of research studies |
| Drosophila | Rodents |
|
Reward/preference
Induced state that leads to conditioned reinforced behavior | (1) Self-administration
(2) Electrical stimulation
(3) Conditioned place preference
(4) Conditioned taste preference
(5) Conditioned taste avoidance | (1) [198, 207, 211]
(2) [200]
(3) [198, 200]
(4) [198, 398]
(5) [198] | (1) [399]
(2) [400, 401]
(3) [402, 403]
(4) [399, 404]
(5) [405, 406] |
Drug seeking
Affective state inferred from increased behavioral responses to drugs, drug-associated cues, or stress | (1) Self-administration
(2) Electrical stimulation | (1) [198]
(2) [200] | (1) [407, 408]
(2) [409, 410] |
Functional tolerance
Adaptations in neural function
Rapid tolerance
Following a single acute exposure when drug has metabolized
Chronic tolerance
Following prolonged or repeated drug exposures | (1) Injection behavioral assays
(2) Self-administration
(3) Sedation and negative geotaxis
assay | (1) [228]
(2) —
(3) [204, 205, 280] | (1) [405, 411]
(2) [412]
(3) [413, 414] |
Sensitization
Increased motor-stimulant response following repeated drug exposures | (1) Locomotor activity test | (1) [332, 334, 415, 416] | (1) [324, 417–420] |
Withdrawal
Aversive state that motivates drug seeking | (1) Conditioned place aversion
(2) Sedation and negative geotaxis
(3) Self-administration | (1) —
(2) [421, 422]
(3) — | (1) [423]
(2) [424, 425]
(3) [426, 427] |
Relapse/reinstatement
Spontaneous recovery of drug seeking after abstinence or extinction of behavior may be triggered by cues previously paired with drug use or stress | (1) Self-administration
(2) Electrical stimulation
(3) Injections | (1) [198, 428]
(2) —
(3) — | (1) [429, 430]
(2) [431, 432]
(3) [433] |
|
