Research Article

Predictors of Recovery from Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Prolonged Consciousness Disorder

Table 7


Clinical symptoms Grade
Extreme (10)Severe (9)Moderate (8/7)Mild (5)Slight (0)

Voluntary movement(1) Absent
(2) Acrocontracture
(3) Pain reflex but slight trembling and rough breathing
(1) Almost absent but parts of the extremities move minutely
(2) Part of the extremity flexed and part paralyzed
(3) Pain reflex or no pain reflex with clearly frowning face
(1) Occasional all/partial extremity movement with no intention
(2) Extremity could be paretic
(3) Brushing away reaction for pain
(1) Occasional movement to meet an object
(2) Capable of raising the arms upward or moving them in the intended direction, that is, face or head, imitating a posture of the tester
(1) Capable of movement with intention
(2) Capable of unassisted posture change (partial change inclusive)
(3) Moving wheelchair unassisted, even if awkwardly

Voluntary ingestionTotally incapable of masticating and swallowing; on tube nutrition (gastric/nasal feeding)(1) Almost on tube nutrition
(2) Saliva swallowing or mastication is found
(3) Capable of attempting slight perusal ingestion, that is, fruit juice, custard pudding, and so forth
(1) Capable of masticating; even if not, almost capable of assisted auroral ingestion by swallowing, though sometimes choking
(2) Insufficient peroral ingestion requires tube nutrition
(1) Capable of unassisted ingestion by swallowing; mastication could be awkward
(2) Capable of ingesting all the rice gruel served or chopped food with assistance
(3) Attempting to reach mouth with a passed spoon or put the food into mouth awkwardly
Ingesting on own using spoon awkwardly

Fecal and urinary incontinenceNo observed somatic movement when evacuating/urinatingSlight somatic movement when evacuating/urinatingAfter incontinence, a displeased look or some signal is observed, that is, frequent somatic movement(1) Forced regular evacuating and urinating lead to the prevention of fecal and urinary incontinence
(2) Communicating the fact in a certain way after incontinence
Except during the night, preevacuation and preurination communication is possible

Ophthalmography and visual recognition(1) Eyes not opened
(2) Eyes opened, no blink reflex
(1) Eyes opened, blink reflex
(2) No following ocular movement and no focusing eyes on an object
(1) Looking straight toward the direction of the call
(2) Following a moving object or staring at a TV, although understanding is impossible
(1) Discriminating close relatives followed by a facial expression
(2) Favorite picture, among other things, induces a facial expression
(1) Capable of reading easy words
(2) Capable of understanding simple numbers
(3) When watching TV, response and laughter are apparent

Vocalizing and utterances(1) No vocalizing
(2) No lip movement under tracheostomy
(1) Groaning, among others, without meaningful utterances
(2) Lip movement observed under tracheostomy
(1) A short utterance though not understandable
(2) Occasional inarticulate vocal response to calls
(3) Under tracheostomy, response to calls is through lip movement
(1) Occasional vocalizing of a meaningful word
(2) Vocal response to calls
(3) Imitating talking by the tester under tracheostomy
(1) Capable of vocalizing a simple word response
(2) Lip movement corresponds to what is asked

Change of expressionNo response to ambient sound stimulations and TV sounds, among other thingsChange of expression, such as smiling, crying, and anger, is not due to ambient stimulationsChange of expression is occasionally found in response to ambient stimulationsChange of expression, such as smiling, crying, and anger, closely matches an expected response to the ambient stimulationChange of expression, such as crying and smiling, exactly matches an expected response to the ambient stimulation