Anodal tDCS over Primary Motor Cortex Provides No Advantage to Learning Motor Sequences via Observation

Figure 3

Performance results. Pre-, post-, and retention test differences in initiation time (a), execution time (b), and error rate (c) between trained (TR) and untrained (UN) sequences for sham (blue) and active (red) stimulation groups. (d) Error detection accuracy during observational practice sessions. (a–d) Bars and large dots: group averages; small dots: individual participant values; error bars: 95% CI (one-tailed for (a), (b), and (c); two-tailed for (d)). (e) Regression lines of pretest (predictor) and the posttest differences between trained and untrained sequence initiation times for the sham (blue) and active (red) stimulation groups. Intercepts of the regression lines represent the predicted posttest difference if the pretest difference is zero. Vertical bars represent 95% CIs (one-tailed) of intercepts (f). Same as (e), but posttest difference corrected for error detection accuracy during training sessions.

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