Anodal tDCS over Primary Motor Cortex Provides No Advantage to Learning Motor Sequences via Observation

Table 3

Observational practice effects and tDCS effects on sequence-specific learning.

		I	II	III	IV
		Observational training effect (trained versus untrained performance)		Primary results	Secondary results
				tDCS effect (group difference)	tDCS effect (group difference), accounting for accuracy during training sessions
		Sham	Active
Initiation time	Post	t(22) = 2.65, , B0 = 13%, dz = 0.54	t(24) = 4.02, , B0 = 24%, dz = 0.79	t(47) = 1.50, , d = 0.44, anecdotal evidence against the effect (BF10/BF01 = 0.70/1.43)	t(46) = 2.48, , d = 0.73, anecdotal evidence for the effect (BF10/BF01 = 2.41/0.41)
	Ret.	t(22) = 3.21, , B0 = 21%, dz = 0.66	t(24) = 2.87, , B0 = 21%, dz = 0.56	t(47) = 0.05, , d = 0.01, substantial evidence against the effect (BF10/BF01 = 0.29/3.49)	t(46) = 0.01, , d = 0, substantial evidence against the effect (BF10/BF01 = 0.29/3.45)
Execution time	Post	t(22) = 5.02, , B0 = 15%, dz = 1.02	t(24) = 4.75, , B0 = 14%, dz = 0.93	t(47) = −0.37, , d = 0.11, substantial evidence against the effect (BF10/BF01 = 0.30/3.31)	t(46) = −0.49, , d = 0.15, substantial evidence against the effect (BF10/BF01 = 0.31/3.20)
	Ret.	t(22) = 4.02, , B0 = 10%, dz = 0.82	t(24) = 3.99, , B0 = 10%, dz = 0.78	t(47) = −0.06, , d = 0.02, substantial evidence against the effect (BF10/BF01 = 0.28/3.55)	t(46) = −0.02, , d = 0.01, substantial evidence against the effect (BF10/BF01 = 0.29/3.43)
Error rate	Post	t(22) = 2.56, , B0 = 7%, dz = 0.52	t(24) = 2.89, , B0 = 9%, dz = 0.57	t(47) = 0.47, , d = 0.14, substantial evidence against the effect (BF10/BF01 = 0.31/3.20)	t(46) = 0.20, , d = 0.06, substantial evidence against the effect (BF10/BF01 = 0.31/3.28)
	Ret.	t(22) = 2.99, , B0 = 7%, dz = 0.61	t(24) = 1.45, , B0 = 4%, dz = 0.28	t(47) = −0.81, , d = 0.24, anecdotal evidence against the effect (BF10/BF01 = 0.37/2.71)	t(46) = −1.05, , d = 0.31, anecdotal evidence against the effect (BF10/BF01 = 0.44/2.27)

Items in italics highlight nonsignificant effects. All values reported reflect one-tailed tests as we had directional predictions for the influence of training and stimulation on our performance measures. Results are uncorrected for multiple comparisons.