Impairments of Visuospatial Attention in Children with Unilateral Spastic Cerebral Palsy
Table 2
Subject
Age
Total omitted stars ()
Ogden figure copy (score)
Line bisection: average error (%)
Proprioceptive pointing: average error (%)
MACS (level)
GMFCS (level)
Lesion timing
Lesion side
Lesion localization
Antiepileptic drug
Ophthalmologic deficits
1
5
4
1
20.8
−3.0
1
1
PWM/PVL
Left
c
NA
NA
2
5
16
4
−8.7
3.3
2
1
GMI
Right
e
NA
NA
3
6
3
0
−18.5
−4.3
2
1
GMI
Right
a
NA
NA
4
6
27
4
−0.1
2.5
1
1
No MRI
Right
a
NA
NA
5
6
0
0
−0.5
3.0
1
2
GMI
Left
c
NA
NA
6
6
12
4
−1.5
1.0
2
2
GMI
Left
c
z
O
7
6
9
3
38.5
4.0
2
1
GMI
Left
d
NA
NA
8
6
1
0
6.2
0.8
1
1
PWM/PVL
Left
f
NA
NA
9
6
8
2
−3.2
1.8
2
1
GMI
Left
f
NA
NA
10
6
0
0
−1.5
0.3
2
2
PWM/PVL
Left
g
NA
O
11
6
4
1
16.0
−1.0
3
1
PWM/PVL
Left
g
NA
NA
12
6
41
4
32.9
1.7
2
1
GMI
Left
g
NA
NA
13
6
3
2
19.0
7.5
1
1
PWM/PVL
Left
g
NA
NA
14
6
3
1
3.0
27.0
2
1
PWM/PVL
Right
g
NA
NA
15
6
1
1
11.8
6.0
1
1
PWM/PVL
Right
g
NA
NA
16
7
2
1
7.9
0.3
2
1
GMI
Left
b
NA
O
17
7
1
0
6.5
−5.8
2
1
GMI
Left
b
NA
NA
18
7
5
1
19.4
−5.5
2
1
GMI
Left
c
NA
NA
19
7
1
0
9.5
2.5
2
1
PWM/PVL
Left
c
NA
NA
20
7
8
2
14.8
6.8
2
2
GMI
Left
d
NA
H/St
21
7
1
1
3.2
0.5
2
1
GMI
Left
d
NA
NA
22
7
6
1
12.0
2.5
2
1
GMI
Left
d
NA
NA
23
7
5
2
8.5
1.3
2
1
GMI
Left
f
NA
NA
24
7
2
0
−10,8
−0,5
2
1
MCD
Right
f
z
NA
25
7
0
0
−4.2
5.3
1
1
MCD
Right
f
NA
NA
26
7
5
2
13.3
1.0
2
1
PWM/PVL
Left
g
NA
Exo/M-1
27
7
6
2
4.5
−0.3
2
1
No MRI
Left
g
NA
NA
28
7
2
1
−10.1
−4.3
2
2
GMI
Right
g
NA
Q/Exo-R Hyper
29
7
9
0
−7.2
4.0
1
1
PWM/PVL
Right
g
NA
O
30
7
4
1
−8.7
6.7
3
1
PWM/PVL
Right
g
NA
NA
31
7
25
4
−30.6
0.0
2
1
MCD
Right
g
NA
NA
32
7
6
0
−3.9
−0.8
2
1
PWM/PVL
Right
g
NA
NA
33
8
0
1
−4.8
−3.5
2
1
GMI
Right
b
NA
St/Eso
34
8
14
2
−17.8
−0.7
2
1
PWM/PVL
Right
c
NA
NA
35
8
0
0
−7.1
−0.5
2
1
GMI
Right
c
NA
NA
36
8
0
0
−2.7
5.0
3
1
GMI
Left
d
NA
NA
37
8
4
1
−6.3
6.3
2
1
GMI
Right
f
NA
NA
38
8
0
0
13.8
−1.0
2
2
GMI
Left
g
NA
NA
39
8
0
0
3.7
0.3
1
1
PWM/PVL
Left
g
NA
NA
40
8
0
0
4.5
1.8
1
1
PWM/PVL
Left
g
NA
NA
41
8
9
1
−9.1
−15.0
1
1
PWM/PVL
Right
g
NA
NA
42
8
31
2
−5.4
11.3
2
1
GMI
Right
g
NA
NA
43
9
7
0
8.0
4.3
3
1
GMI
Left
c
NA
NA
44
9
1
0
9.5
1.0
3
1
GMI
Left
c
NA
NA
45
9
0
1
−5.1
0.5
3
1
No MRI
Left
c
NA
NA
46
9
2
2
7.5
4.0
3
1
GMI
Left
d
NA
NA
47
9
4
0
−0.4
−0.4
2
2
MCD
Left
e
z
O
48
9
0
0
1.2
1.3
2
1
PWM/PVL
Left
g
NA
NA
49
9
5
0
11.5
−0.8
2
1
PWM/PVL
Left
g
NA
NA
50
10
2
2
28.0
4.8
2
2
GMI
Left
d
y
NA
51
10
0
1
−0.6
−1.8
2
2
GMI
Right
e
y
NA
52
10
0
0
−0.9
−0.8
2
2
PWM/PVL
Left
g
NA
O
53
10
2
0
−1.3
6.0
2
1
PWM/PVL
Left
g
NA
NA
54
10
2
0
8.2
1.3
1
1
PWM/PVL
Left
g
NA
NA
55
11
1
0
−2.6
−0.5
2
1
No MRI
Left
a
NA
NA
56
11
3
0
6.4
1.8
1
1
GMI
Left
b
NA
NA
57
11
0
0
−2.8
0.0
1
1
GMI
Right
c
NA
O
58
11
1
0
−8.5
−4.0
2
1
GMI
Right
d
NA
NA
59
11
0
0
−1.0
2.3
2
2
PWM/PVL
Right
g
NA
NA
60
11
1
0
−5.2
−1.8
2
1
PWM/PVL
Right
g
NA
St/L-Hyper/M1/M-2
61
11
1
0
−11.4
1.8
2
1
PWM/PVL
Right
g
NA
NA
62
12
13
2
−0.6
−1.5
2
1
PWM/PVL
Left
a
NA
NA
63
12
1
2
−7.6
−1.8
2
1
No MRI
Right
a
NA
NA
64
12
0
0
−0.1
1.3
2
1
MCD
Left
f
NA
NA
65
12
0
0
2.3
−3.7
2
1
GMI
Left
f
NA
NA
66
12
4
0
2.0
−4.0
1
1
PWM/PVL
Left
g
NA
NA
67
12
0
0
−6.8
−1.7
1
1
MCD
Right
g
NA
NA
68
13
0
1
15.8
9.3
3
1
GMI
Left
c
NA
NA
69
13
1
0
6.3
0.0
2
1
PWM/PVL
Right
g
NA
NA
70
14
0
0
−2.6
0.0
2
1
PWM/PVL
Right
g
NA
NA
71
15
1
0
7.6
0.0
2
1
No MRI
Left
a
y; x
NA
72
15
0
0
3.2
1.5
2
1
PWM/PVL
Left
g
NA
NA
73
16
0
0
−6.8
−3.5
2
1
PWM/PVL
Right
d
NA
H/St/ESO/M-3
74
17
0
1
−12.8
1.0
2
1
PWM/PVL
Right
c
NA
NA
75
17
0
0
0.8
−4.7
3
1
GMI
Left
f
NA
NA
Lesion timing: MCD: brain malformation; PWM/PVL: periventricular white matter lesion; GMI: cortical/subcortical lesion. Lesion localization: a: no MRI; b: subcortical and cortical lesions of frontal/parietal/temporal areas; c: subcortical and cortical lesions of frontal/parietal/temporal areas and insula; d: subcortical and cortical lesions of frontal/parietal/temporal/occipital areas and insula; e: subcortical and cortical lesions of parietal/occipital/temporal lesion; f: subcortical and cortical lesions of parietal/temporal lesions; g: subcortical without cortical lesions. Antiepilectic drug: z: valproate; y: carbamazepine; x: lamotrigine. Ophthalmologic deficit: NA: no available data; O: no deficit; H: hemianopsia; Q: quadranopsia; St: stereoscopic vision deficit; Exo: exotropia; Eso: esotropia; R Hyper: right hypertropia; L Hyper: left hypertropia; M-1: eye motility deficit in the left eye; M-2: eye motility deficit in the right eye; M-3: presence of gaze-evoked nystagmus.
