12 chronic stroke patients (two to 17 years after stroke), aged 39 to 85.
Moderate to severe arm paresis (FMA-UE: 13 to 48).
AO (reach to grasp objects by the right or left hand) and fixation.
fMRI.
Right-hand (paretic side) AO resulted in lateralization toward the left hemisphere, including IFG pars opercularis, IFG pars triangularis, SMG, and precentral gyrus.
18 chronic stroke patients (>one year after stroke), aged 54.7 ± 9.9.
Brunnstrom stage for the upper extremity III-V.
Unimanual exercise (open-and-close action by the unaffected hand) with MVF; unimanual exercise without MVF; bimanual exercise (bilateral open-and-close actions) with MVF; bimanual exercise without MVF.
fMRI.
Bimanual exercise with MVF significantly increased the activity in precuneus and PCC, more than other conditions.
Five chronic right-hemispheric stroke patients (>one year after stroke), aged 57 to 67.
Unclear.
Action execution (left wrist flexion and extension), MI (MI of the same wrist movement), AO (watching a video showing the same action), passive movement and baseline.
fMRI.
AO activated right lateral medial anterior PMC and a small focus of right IPL than baseline result.
Five stroke patients (29 to 93 days after stroke), aged 53 to 72.
Severe arm paresis (a wrist extension ability of less than 20 degrees and metacarpophalangeal joint extension ability of less than 10 degrees).
Unilateral index finger-thumb opposition (by nonparetic hands) with virtual normal visual feedback or virtual MVF.
fMRI.
Four out of five patients displayed the lateralized activation toward the affected hemisphere (reflected by peak values within the precuneus), evoked by virtual MVF.
18 stroke patients, aged 41 to 79; first scan: 8.9 ± 4.1 days after stroke; second scan: 89.3 ± 8.3 days after stroke.
NHPT < 0.5 (pegs per second).
AO (a video of bimanual twisting of a cylindrical device) and its resting condition (a still image of the device being held); action execution (bimanual twisting of a cylindrical device) and its resting condition (hold the device without twisting).
fMRI.
AO (first scan): involvement of the occipital and temporal visual areas bilaterally with activation maxima in the MTG and ITG and occipital lobe. Patients also showed activation in the parietal and frontal areas and the IPL, SPL, IFG, and M1 were involved; AO (second scan): most activated clusters were observed in ITG and the ventral anterior of the thalamus, also in premotor areas, SMA and M1.
18 subcortical stroke patients (nine left stroke patients, aged 59.2 ± 7.1, 28.2 ± 40.9 months after stroke and nine right stroke patients aged 63 ± 10.3, 47.1 ± 89.5 months after stroke).
With the ability to grip a small object and release it by the paretic hand.
AO (static pictures) of object-related hand action by the paretic side, AO (movies) of object-related hand action by the paretic side, AO (same movies) with imagery (performing the shown action) and fixation.
fMRI.
AO (movies) elicited activation in visual cortex, SPL, prefrontal cortex, and superior and inferior frontal cortexes in both patient groups. AO (movies) with imagery revealed a very similar network as during AO (movies) alone.
Nonparetic hand action (finger flexion) with veridical feedback or MVF and the control (nonanthropomorphic objects).
fMRI (14 data).
MVF induced significant activation of the ipsilesional postcentral gyrus, M1, precuneus, contralesional postcentral gyrus, superior bank of the intraparietal sulcus and precuneus, and SMG. Connectivity between BA 1 and M1 and between BA 1 and S1 was significantly stronger after MVF.
33 stroke patients aged 24 to 76, 23 to 132 days after stroke.
FMA zero to 66.
AO (reach and grasp action by left or right hands), observation of nonbiological videos and the eye close condition.
EEG.
AO induced mu suppression over SMC rather than observation of nonbiological videos; mu suppression was significantly diminished in the ipsilesional SMC (C3 or C4), compared with the contralesional SMC (C3 or C4); right IPL damage lowered mu suppression over the unaffected hemisphere.
10 stroke patients aged 56 ± 12, one to 114 months after stroke.
ARAT zero to 57.
Bilateral open-and-close hand action with MVF of nonparetic hand and bilateral open-and-close hand movement while viewing the paretic hand.
MEG.
Movement-related beta desynchronization was greater in contralesional compared to ipsilesional hemisphere. The asymmetry in movement-related beta desynchronization was more symmetrical in the condition with MVF.
With the ability to grasp a small cube (2.5 cm3) by the paretic hand.
EG: AO (watching videos of the actions of BBT performed by both hands), followed by performing the same task; CG: observation of nonbiological videos, followed by performing the same task.
EEG (, only for EG).
MTG was not activated after five sessions of AO, compared with pretraining.
