Review Article
Neurorehabilitation in Parkinson’s Disease: A Critical Review of Cognitive Rehabilitation Effects on Cognition and Brain
Table 2
Summary of randomized controlled trials in assessing brain changes related to cognitive rehabilitation programs in PD.
| | Authors | MRI sample | H&Y | Cognitive rehabilitation program | MRI acquisition/preprocessing/analysis | MRI statistical analysis | MRI results | Correlation with cognitive measures | Limitations/risk of bias |
| | Cerasa et al. [33] | 15 PD
8 CR
7 ACG | 1–3 | RehaCom computer program
Training:
(i) Attention
(ii) Information processing | Resting-state fMRI/ICA in FSL/FC analysis | ANOVA (group × time)
Region of interests
Dorsolateral PFC
Ventrolateral PFC
ACC
Sup + inf parietal left
Caudate
Cerebellum | Increased functional activity:
(i) Left dorsolateral PFC
(executive network)
(ii) Superior parietal left
(attention network) | — | Small sample size
Only one type of MRI acquisition |
| | Díez-Cirarda et al. [38] (cognitive results in [31]) | 30 PD
15 CR
15 ACG | 1–3 | “REHACOP” program
Training:
(i) Attention
(ii) Memory
(iii) Language
(iv) EF
(v) Social cognition | Resting-state fMRI/ROI-to-ROI approach in CONN toolbox | ANOVA (group × time)
Paired -test
Whole brain | Increased FC between BA9L-BA20L and BA9R-BA20L | Yes | Small sample size and reduced at long-term follow-up
Memory fMRI paradigm results at FWE uncorrected | | Memory fMRI paradigm/model-based approach in SPM | Increased brain activation
Learning task: left frontal inferior lobe | Increased brain activation
Memory task: left middle temporal lobe | | Diffusion weighted/TBSS in FSL | — | | T1 weighted/VBM in FSL | — |
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ACC = anterior cingulate cortex; ACG = active control group; BA = Brodmann area; CR = cognitive rehabilitation; EF = executive functions; FC = functional connectivity; fMRI = functional magnetic resonance imaging; FSL = FMRIB Software Library; H&Y = Hoehn and Yahr; ICA = independent component analysis; MRI = magnetic resonance image; PD = Parkinson’s disease; PFC = prefrontal cortex; TBSS = tract-based spatial statistics; VBM = voxel-based morphometry.
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