|
| Authors | Sample | H&Y | Cognitive rehabilitation program | Tests1 | MRI (Table 2) | Results (pre- and posttreatment) | Long-term follow-up (T0/T1/T2) | Limitations/risk of bias |
| Duration | Paper-pencil—P
Computerized—C | Cogn. domains trained | Format |
|
| Nonrandomized/noncontrolled trials |
| Sinforiani et al. [39] | 20 PD | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 12 sessions
6 weeks + 12 h MT | C
“TNP” | (i) Attention
(ii) Abstract reasoning
(iii) Visuospatial | Group | (i) MMSE
(ii) Digit span
(iii) Corsi’s test
(iv) Babcock’s story
(v) FAS phonetic
(vi) Raven matrix
(vii) WCST
(viii) Stroop test | — | Improvements:
(i) Babcock (recall)
(ii) FAS phonetic
(iii) Raven matrix | 6 months without training: maintenance (no statistical data)
(i) Babcock (recall)
(ii) FAS phonetic
(iii) Raven matrix | No CG
No differentiation of the efficacy of motor or cognitive training
No statistical data at follow-up |
|
| Reuter et al. [40] | 222 PD
Gr A—CR = 71
Gr B—CR-TT = 75
Gr C—CR-TT-MT = 76
(plus psychoeducation with caregivers) | 2–4 | 14 sessions
4 weeks
4 times/week
60 min/session | P + C
Group A: cognitive training
Group B:
cognitive + transfer training
Group C: cognitive + transfer + motor training | (i) Attention
(ii) Concentration
(iii) EF
(iv) WM
(v) Memory
(vi) Processing speed | Individual | (i) ADAS-Cog
(ii) SCOPA-Cog
(iii) EF-BADS
(iv) PS-PASAT
(v) Depression
(vi) Anxiety
(vii) PDQ-39 | — | Improvements in all groups:
(i) ADAS-Cog
(ii) BADS
(iii) PASAT
Greater improvements in group C:
(i) ADAS-Cog
(ii) SCOPA-Cog
(iii) BADS
(iv) PASAT | 6 months with home training: group C performed more training sessions (T2 > T0)
(i) ADAS-Cog
(ii) SCOPA-Cog
(iii) BADS
(iv) PASAT | No ACG
No PDQ-39 scores at baseline
Different number of sessions between posttreatment and long-term evaluation |
|
| Adamski et al. [45] | 6 PD-CR
12 HC-CR
7 HC-CG | — | 16 sessions
4 weeks
4 times/week
45 min/session | C
“BrainStim” | (i) WM
(ii) Encoding
(iii) Recall
(iv) EF
(v) Visuospatial ability | Group | (i) Attention
(ii) WM
(iii) Short-term memory
(iv) Long-term memory
(v) PS
(vi) EF
(vii) Depression
(viii) Fatigue | — | Improvements in PD group:
(i) Short-term memory
(ii) Long-term memory
Improvements in HC groups:
(iii) Diverse cognitive domains | 3 months without training: PD group increased (T2 > T0)
(i) Short-term memory | Small sample size
No PD-ACG
Baseline differences between groups |
|
| Randomized controlled trials |
| Petrelli et al. [42] | 65 PD
22 CR-NV
22 CR-MF
21 CG | 1–3 | 12 sessions
6 weeks
2 times/week
90 min/session | P
“NEUROvitalis”—NV
P
“mentally fit”—MF | NV
(i) Attention
(ii) Memory
(iii) EF
MF
(i) Attention
(ii) Memory
(iii) Creativity | Group + individual | (i) Attention
(ii) Memory
(iii) EF
(iv) Visuoconstruction
(v) Depression
(vi) Quality of life | — | Improvements in NV versus CG:
(i) Working memory
(ii) Short-term memory
Improvements in MF versus CG:
(i) Depression
Improvements in NV versus MT:
(i) Working memory | 12 months without training: NV group maintenance (T2 = T0)
(i) MMSE
(ii) DemTect | Small sample size
No ACG
Long-term evaluation with screening tests |
|
| Díez-Cirarda et al. [41] | 42 PD
20 PD-CR
22 PD-ACG | 1–3 | 39 sessions
13 weeks
3 times/week
60 min/session | CR—“REHACOP” (P)
ACG—occupational activities (P) | (i) Attention
(ii) Memory
(iii) Language
(iv) EF
(v) Social cognition
(vi) PS | Group | (i) PS
(ii) Memory
(iii) Executive functions
(iv) Social cognition
(v) Functional disability
(vi) Apathy
(vii) Depression | Yes | Improvements in PD-CR versus PD-ACG:
(i) PS
(ii) Visual memory
(iii) Social cognition
(iv) Functional disability
(v) Brain functional changes | 18 months without training: PD-CR increased (T2 > T0):
(i) Verbal memory
(ii) Visual memory
(iii) EF
(iv) ToM
(v) Functional disability
(vi) Brain functional activity | Small sample size
Absence of CG at follow-up |
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