Dynamic Neuro-Cognitive Imagery Improves Mental Imagery Ability, Disease Severity, and Motor and Cognitive Functions in People with Parkinson’s Disease

Table 4

Outcome measures at pre- and posttesting.

	DNI; M (SD) [range] {95% CI}	Learning/exercise; M (SD) [range] {95% CI}	F(1,18)^!	p	ηp^2
Mental imagery
MIQ-RS (/7)
Visual
Pre	4.98 (1.56) [1.86–6.71] {3.86–6.10}	4.74 (1.79) [1.00–6.43] {3.62–5.86}	5.84	.02	.245
Post	5.85 (.79) [4.71–7.00] {4.89–6.81}	4.31 (1.88) [1.00–6.57] {3.35–5.27}
Kinesthetic
Pre	5.07 (1.43) [2.29–6.57] {3.99–6.15}	4.30 (1.79) [1.00–6.29] {3.22–5.38}	1.69	.20	.086
Post	5.47 (1.48) [2.29–7.00] {4.31–6.62}	4.05 (1.96) [1.00–6.57] {2.90–5.21}
Total
Pre	5.02 (1.14) [3.36–6.64] {4.21–5.83}	4.52 (1.29) [2.50–6.36] {3.71–5.33}	5.30	.03	.228
Post	5.66 (.96) [4.14–7.00] {4.85–6.47}	4.18 (1.43) [2.21–6.57] {3.37–4.99}
KVIQ-20 (/5)
Visual
Pre	3.29 (1.22) [1.30–4.80] {2.58–3.99}	3.10 (.88) [1.50–4.00] {2.39–3.80}	6.12	.02	.254
Post	3.95 (.63) [3.00–4.90] {3.31–4.58}	2.67 (1.18) [1.00–4.20] {2.03–3.30}
Kinesthetic
Pre	3.07 (1.10) [1.00–4.70] {2.44–3.69}	2.66 (.72) [1.30–3.50] {2.03–3.28}	6.58	.01	.268
Post	3.65 (1.18) [1.00–5.00] {2.94–4.35}	2.39 (.92) [1.00–4.10] {1.68–3.09}
Total
Pre	3.18 (.89) [2.00–4.75] {2.69–3.66}	2.88 (.51) [2.10–3.75] {2.39–3.36}	9.62	.00	.348
Post	3.80 (.80) [2.50–4.90] {3.27–4.32}	2.53 (.77) [1.25–3.45] {2.00–3.05}
VMIQ-2^† (/12–70)
External visual
Pre	26.10 (11.68) [12.00–47.00] {17.73–34.46}	32.50 (13.42) [20.00–60.00] {24.13–40.86}	6.70	.01	.271
Post	21.20 (6.64) [12.00–31.00] {15.10–27.29}	36.40 (11.13) [19.00–60.00] {30.30–42.49}
Internal visual
Pre	27.70 (15.09) [12.00–56.00] {18.42–36.97}	33.00 (12.73) [19.00–60.00] {23.72–42.27}	5.79	.02	.244
Post	20.00 (7.39) [12.00–35.00] {12.66–27.33}	36.30 (13.76) [17.00–60.00] {28.96–43.63}
Kinesthetic
Pre	29.40 (14.53) [12.00–53.00] {20.33–38.46}	34.70 (12.69) [14.00–60.00] {25.63–43.76}	1.96	.17	.098
Post	22.10 (11.44) [12.00–48.00] {14.02–30.17}	34.70 (12.83) [15.00–60.00] {26.62–42.77}
Disease severity and psychological
UPDRS-I^†
Pre	11.90 (5.19) {7.67–16.12}	15.00 (7.34) {10.77–19.22}	.00	1.00	.000
Post	10.40 (5.58) {6.15–14.64}	13.50 (7.10) {9.25–17.74}
UPDRS-II^†
Pre	16.50 (5.87) {12.82–20.17}	18.20 (5.18) {14.52–21.87}	.01	.90	.001
Post	14.10 (6.17) {10.33–17.86}	15.60 (5.12) {11.83–19.36}
UPDRS-III^†
Pre	38.40 (13.87) {29.70–47.09}	32.10 (12.24) {23.40–40.79}	4.08	.05	.185
Post	31.60 (13.85) {22.96–40.23}	31.20 (12.06) {22.56–39.83}
UPDRS-IV^†
Pre	3.50 (4.11) {0.89–6.10}	4.60 (3.71) {1.99–7.20}	.02	.87	.001
Post	4.50 (5.03) {1.84–7.15}	5.40 (2.54) {2.74–8.05}
ABC (%)
Pre	78.20 (18.31) {67.14–89.26}	73.20 (14.79) {62.14–84.26}	.00	.94	.000
Post	74.23 (18.02) {67.61–90.27}	74.23 (18.02) {62.90–85.57}
IPA^†
Pre	32.60 (21.80) {14.96–50.23}	43.50 (30.54) {25.86–61.13}	5.20	.03	.224
Post	35.00 (22.28) {20.03–49.96}	36.20 (22.75) {21.23–51.16}
BPI-severity^†
Pre	2.82 (2.25) {1.22–4.42}	3.03 (2.56) {1.23–4.82}	.95	.34	.056
Post	2.55 (2.25) {1.05–4.04}	3.28 (2.20) {1.60–4.95}
BPI-interference^†
Pre	2.44 (1.79) {.86–4.01}	2.21 (2.90) {.45–3.97}	2.48	.13	.134
Post	1.41 (1.24) {.40–2.42}	2.14 (1.79) {1.01–3.27}
BDI-II^†
Pre	12.90 (8.41) {6.93–18.86}	14.50 (9.51) {8.53–20.46}	.75	.39	.040
Post	9.20 (5.82) {4.73–13.66}	12.40 (7.50) {7.93–16.86}
Motor function
Fwd gait^† (meters/sec)
Pre	1.08 (.18) {.95–1.21}	1.06 (.20) {.93–1.19}	.00	.92	.001
Post	1.09 (.15) {.98–1.20}	1.07 (.16) {.96–1.17}
6MWT (meters)
Pre	410.52 (127.05) {348.89–472.14}	393.34 (32.61) {331.72–454.96}	2.46	.13	.120
Post	447.32 (84.22) {399.53–495.11}	370.05 (57.06) {322.26–417.85}
30-Second Chair Stand (reps)
Pre	14.20 (6.52) {10.60–17.80}	11.10 (4.01) {7.50–14.70}	1.49	.23	.077
Post	16.00 (5.61) {12.69–19.30}	11.40 (4.24) {8.09–14.70}
Mini-BEST (/28)
Pre	22.50 (4.37) {19.68–25.31}	21.80 (4.10) {18.68–25.31}	1.60	.22	.082
Post	23.30 (3.30) {20.86–25.73}	21.20 (3.99) {18.76–23.63}
TUG^† (sec)
Pre	9.00 (2.18) {7.61–10.40}	9.85 (2.02) {8.45–11.25}	2.21	.15	.110
Post	8.40 (1.85) {7.00–9.80}	10.26 (2.32) {8.86–11.66}
TUG-cognitive^† (sec)
Pre	13.72 (8.07) {9.57–17.87}	12.76 (3.57) {8.61–16.91}	3.07	.09	.146
Post	11.14 (3.21) {6.65–15.63}	15.61 (9.01) {11.12–20.11}
TUG-manual^† (sec)
Pre	13.61 (5.44) {10.75–16.46}	12.69 (2.71) {9.83–15.55}	4.43	.05	.198
Post	11.16 (2.76) {9.28–13.03}	12.99 (2.87) {11.11–14.87}
360° Turn Test (steps)^†
Pre	10.20 (5.57) {7.43–12.96}	6.90 (1.91) {4.13–9.66}	6.63	.01	.269
Post	9.00 (2.53) {6.26–11.73}	9.70 (5.22) {6.96–12.43}
360° Turn Test (sec)^†
Pre	4.23 (2.98) {2.75–5.70}	3.12 (.95) {1.64–4.59}	7.58	.01	.296
Post	3.38 (1.46) {1.96–4.80}	4.69 (2.64) {3.27–6.11}
PRT (/4)
Pre	2.80 (1.31) {2.07–3.52}	2.70 (.82) {1.97–3.42}	5.68	.02	.240
Post	3.40 (.84) {2.82–3.97}	2.10 (.87) {1.52–2.67}
Cognitive function
Trail A^† (sec)
Pre	27.46 (10.33) {20.64–34.28}	30.44 (10.19) {23.62–37.26}	1.24	.27	.065
Post	28.19 (7.03) {23.51–32.88}	27.68 (7.06) {23.00–32.37}
Trail B^† (sec)
Pre	78.26 (52.49) {32.03–124.49}	95.79 (83.23) {49.56–142.02}	.01	.90	.001
Post	68.29 (29.35) {28.34–108.23}	87.52 (79.80) {47.58–127.47}
Trails B-A^† (sec)
Pre	50.79 (45.11) {8.70–92.89}	65.34 (77.42) {23.24–107.44}	.18	.66	.010
Post	40.09 (25.35) {2.91–77.27}	59.84 (74.97) {22.66–97.02}
Corsi-trials
Pre	6.30 (1.82) {4.91–7.68}	6.70 (2.31) {5.31–8.08}	1.87	.18	.094
Post	7.30 (1.49) {5.97–8.62}	6.80 (2.39) {5.47–8.12}
Corsi-span
Pre	4.70 (1.15) {3.98–5.41}	4.90 (.99) {4.18–5.61}	1.05	.31	.055
Post	5.30 (1.05) {4.47–6.13}	5.00 (1.41) {4.17–5.83}
BSM
Pre	72.40 (14.07) {58.92–85.87}	66.40 (24.99) {52.92–79.87}	.19	.66	.011
Post	77.60 (14.56) {65.53–89.66}	68.20 (21.15) {56.13–80.26}
BPST-trials
Pre	4.10 (1.52) {3.14–5.05}	4.40 (1.34) {3.44–5.35}	.48	.49	.026
Post	4.70 (1.56) {3.48–5.91}	4.60 (2.06) {3.38–5.81}
BPST-span
Pre	3.40 (.69) {2.60–4.19}	4.20 (1.54) {3.40–4.99}	6.68	.01	.271
Post	3.90 (.99) {3.19–4.60}	3.80 (1.13) {3.09–4.50}

Note: values represent group × time interactions. MIQ-RS = Movement Imagery Questionnaire-Revised Second Version; KVIQ = Kinesthetic and Visual Imagery Questionnaire; VMIQ = Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire-Revised Version; UPDRS = Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Sub-Scales; ABC = Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale; IPA = Impact on Participation and Autonomy Scale Questionnaire; BPI = Brief Pain Inventory; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; 6MWT = 6-Minute Walk Test; TUG = Timed Up and Go; FAB = Fullerton Advanced Balance Scale; DGI = Dynamic Gait Index; PRT = Push and Release Test; BSM = Brooks Spatial Memory Task; BPST = Body Position Spatial Task. ^!Differences were calculated using mixed-design ANOVA. . . ^†Lower values represent better scores.