Effects of Time-Compressed Speech Training on Multiple Functional and Structural Neural Mechanisms Involving the Left Superior Temporal Gyrus
Table 2
Pre- and posttest scores for psychological measures (mean ± standard error of mean).
Training with TCSSL (experimental group)b
Active control
Planned contrast
valuec
Effect size (d)d
Pretest scores
Posttest scores
Pretest scores
Posttest scores
English listening test (score)
268.1 ± 53.46
252.24 ± 53.2
283.93 ± 47.25
269.64 ± 46.54
Experimental > control
0.884
−8.33 × 10−3
English reading test (score)
232.93 ± 57.98
221.72 ± 55.04
230.00 ± 60.29
238.7 ± 54.65
Experimental > control
0.938
−0.0282
RAPMa (score)
26.61 ± 4.43
29.24 ± 4.16
28.79 ± 4.80
31.03 ± 4.67
Experimental > control
0.576
−2.09 × 10−4
Digit span (score)
37.17 ± 7.16
37.72 ± 8.69
38.90 ± 7.49
38.76 ± 7.10
Experimental > control
0.417
3.85 × 10−4
Listening span test (score)
12.79 ± 2.67
13.38 ± 3.03
12.68 ± 3.34
12.96 ± 2.86
Experimental > control
0.311
3.86 × 10−3
Word-color task (items)
67.69 ± 9.04
75.90 ± 8.22
72.28 ± 6.21
77.17 ± 6.53
Experimental > control
0.236
6.36 × 10−3
Color-word task (items)
52.97 ± 5.26
53.83 ± 7.49
53.48 ± 5.65
55.52 ± 6.94
Experimental > control
0.840
−6.05 × 10−3
Reverse Stroop task (items)
60.90 ± 6.06
63.69 ± 7.42
62.76 ± 5.58
65.34 ± 8.13
Two tailed
0.893
1.47 × 10−4
Stroop task (items)
48.72 ± 6.75
51.38 ± 7.14
51.76 ± 6.52
53.69 ± 7.14
Two tailed
0.688
8.53 × 10−4
Simple arithmetic (items)
31.93 ± 5.15
32.45 ± 6.17
32.52 ± 5.14
32.43 ± 4.54
Experimental > control
0.260
2.38 × 10−3
Complex arithmetic (items)
7.55 ± 4.45
7.90 ± 4.48
6.72 ± 2.18
7.53 ± 2.14
Experimental > control
0.859
−3.22 × 10−3
Japanese reading comprehension (items)
14.31 ± 4.42
18.38 ± 6.42
13.66 ± 3.76
18 ± 5.36
Experimental > control
0.633
−8.63 × 10−4
SA creativity test (total grade)
25.41 ± 6.12
24.31 ± 5.25
25.34 ± 5.55
25.34 ± 6.00
Two tailed
0.379
−9.01 × 10−3
aRaven’s advanced progressive matrices; btime-compressed speech training; cone-way analysis of covariance with test-retest differences in psychological measures as dependent variables and pretest scores of the psychological measures as covariates; deffect size estimates were calculated using Cohen’s d.
